THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY HIM 1 - BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XVI THE GENUS BIDENS PART II THE LIBRARY OF THE OCT8-1937 ~~7~ UNIVERSITY OF iLLiNOIS BY EARL EDWARD SHERFF RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY B. E. DAHLGREN CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EDITOR PUBLICATION 389 CHICAGO, U.S.A. SEPTEMBER 21, 1937 Natural History BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XVI THE GENUS BIDENS THE LIBRARY OF THE QCT8-1937 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BY EARL EDWARD SHERFF RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY B. E. DAHLGREN CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EDITOR PUBLICATION 389 CHICAGO, U.S.A. SEPTEMBER 21, 1937 FEINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS 580,5 ^ THE GENUS BIDENS EARL EDWARD SHERFF 102. Bidens acuticaulis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 301. 1915. PI. CIV, figs. j-r. Herba annua, tenerrima, 4-9 dm. alta; caule acute angulato, ^ramoso; ramis adscendentibus, acutissime angulatis et fere suba- \_latis, remote pubescentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 2-10 mm. *j longis, petiolo adjecto 1-4 cm. longa, pinnata vel irregulariter bipin- ^.nata; foliolis (et lobis) linearibus, 0.5-1 mm. latis. Capitula multa, terminalia, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4 mm. alta et 2.5-3.5 mm. lata (fructificantia demum 1-1.2 cm. alta et 4-5 mm. lata). Involu- crum basi pubescens; bracteis exterioribus linearibus, plus minusve pubescentibus, 3-4 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, 1.5-3 mm. longis. Flores ligulati circ. 4, parvi, subflavidi vel fere albi, 2- (4-) striati, 3-5 mm. longi. Achaenia anguste linearia, subnigra, plano-convexa, remotissime pubescentia, margine adscendenti- ciliata, apice erecto-hispida et biaristata, corpore 6-12 mm. longa et 0.5-0.9 mm. lata, aristis retrorsum hamosis 1.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by John Gossweiler, No. 4052, in herb- grown woods, Kassuango-Kuiriri, Angola, April 4, 1906 (Brit., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Kassuango- Kuiriri, Angola. Specimens examined: Gossweiler 4052 (type, Brit., 2 sheets). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CIV, figs, j-r Bidens acuticaulis: j, flowering and fruiting lateral branch of specimen, X0.68; k, separate leaf, Xl.02; I, portion of an extremely sharp-angled branch, X3.4; ra, exterior involucral bract, X6.79; n, interior involucral bract, X6.79; o, ray corolla, X6.79; p, palea, X2.04; q, disc floret, X6.79; r, achene, X2.72; all from 2nd type sheet 103. Bidens oligocarpa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92: 206. 1931. PI. LXXXII, figs. j-l. Herba annua, erecta, gracilis, 4-6 dm. alta, caule ramisque acriter tetragonis et sparsissime hispidis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 347 1 056908 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI ciliatis usque ad 1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-8 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita; foliolis ovatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, valde membranaceis, acriter serratis dentibus indurato-apiculatis, faciebus sparsim minuteque adpresso-hispidis, marginibus ciliatis, terminali usque ad 2 cm. lato et apice acuminate. Capitula pauca, ramos (pedunculos) tenuissimos usque ad 8 cm. longos terminantia, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.2-1.6 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri subglabri bracteae exteriores 5-7, tenuissime iineares, hispido- ciliatae, supra moderate dilatatae, apice acerrimae, 1.5-2.3 mm. longae; interiores late lanceolatae vel oblongo-ovatae, apice pubes- centes, 3-3.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 4-5, rosacei, ligula oblongi vel anguste obovati, apice obtuso obsolete denticulati, 7-9 mm. longi. Achaenia circ. 6-8, linearia, obcompresso-tetragona, omnino circ. 8- (unica facie 2-) sulcata, atra, superne sensim angustata, exalata, plus minusve erecto-hispida setis e faciebus ipsis vel e papillis ortis, corpore 6-10.5 mm. longa et 0.7-0.9 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, 0.4-1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by C. E. Lloyd, No. 409, State of Sonora, Mexico, 1890 (Gray). Distribution: State of Sonora, Mexico. Specimens examined: Lloyd 409 (type, Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXII, FIGS, j-l Bidens oligocarpa: j, cauline leaf, X0.65; k (flowering), I (fruit- ing), heads, X 0.65; all from type. 104. Bidens amphicarpa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 290. 1929. PI. LXXXII, figs. a-i. Herba annua, gracilis, ramosa, 1-6 dm. alta; caule quadrangulato ac saepe purpurascenti, nunc pubescenti nunc glabrato. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 5 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita; foliolis valde mem- branaceis, glabratis vel sparsim adpresso-hispidis, ciliatis et ple- rumque minutissime atro-marginatis, unico latere grosse 1-4-serratis dentibus acerrime apiculatis, lateralibus ovatis, terminali lanceo- late vel fere lineari. Capitula in pedunculis tenuissimis usque ad 1 dm. longis ramos terminantibus disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthe- sin tantum circ. 6-7 mm. alta et 8-10 mm. lata. Involucri brac- teae exteriores 5-8, tenuiter Iineares, basi extrinsecus marginaliter- que superne tantum marginaliter hispidae, apice acerrime mucro- natae, demum circ. 4 mm. longae, bracteis interioribus lanceolatis Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXIX BIDENS BIGELOVII Gray (figs, a-fc) BIDENS BIPINNATA L. (figs, l-s) THE GENUS BIDENS 349 atro-brunneis vel atro-purpurascentibus sed marginibus albido- diaphanis apice ciliatis plerumque subaequales. Flores ligulati circ. 5, ligula oblanceolati, 3-5 striis percursi, subflavidi vel sub- rosacei, apice saepe 2- (3-) dentati, 5-6 mm. longi; tubulosi 8-14. Achaenia exteriora subplana, unica facie circ. 4-sulcata, infra parce supra valde erecto-setosa, badia vel rubro-straminea, corpore 5-8 mm. longa, interiora tereti-quadrangulata, omnino 8-sulcata, maxima ex parte atra sed apice brunneo-straminea, erecto-setosa (interdum valde perspicueque tuberculato-setosa), elongato-linearia et supra saepe cervicem formantia, corpore demum 9-15 mm. longa; omnia recta vel subrecta, 2-3-aristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis, 2.5-4 mm. longis, demum saepe caducis. Type specimen: Collected by Townsend S. Brandegee, Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California, January 23, 1899 (Calif.). Distribution: Known only from Lower (Baja) California. Specimens examined : Brandegee, Sierra de la Laguna, January 23, 1890 (type, Calif.); idem, Sierra de San Francisquito, March 28, 1892 (Field). Differs from glabrous or subglabrous forms of the similarly amphicarpous Bidens Anthriscoides DC. in the dissection and outline of the leaflets, in its proportionately much longer external involucral bracts, 1 and in its straighter achenes. The general aspect is some- what like that in stunted, slender forms of B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff, but the very narrow external bracts and the dimensions of the flowering and fruiting heads (the latter with fewer achenes) distinguish it from that form. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXII, FIGS, a-i Bidens amphicarpa: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.65; 6, c, exterior involucral bracts, X5.22; d, interior involucral bract, X5.22; e, ray corolla, X5.22;/, palea, X5.22; g, disc floret, X5.22; h (outer but not outermost), i (inner), achenes, X2.61; all from type. 105. Bidens oligantha Brandegee, Zoe 5: 224. 1905. PL LXXXIII, figs. a-h. Herba erecta, annua, 2-3 dm. alta; caule parce puberulento, simplici vel supra subramoso. Folia membranacea, breviter petiolata petiolis 2-8 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 1-3 cm. longa, 1 In B. Anthriscoides DC. the outer bracts are only about one-half or three- fifths the length of the inner ones, notwithstanding DeCandolle's original descrip- tion ("invol. squamis. . .inter se subaequalibus": Prodr. 5: 601. 1836). 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI lamina glabrata, trifida vel tripartita; foliolo terminal! lineari- lanceolato, acuminate, plus minusve serrato, 1.5-2 cm. longo, latera- libus ovato-acuminatis, serratis vel inciso-serratis, 5-8 mm. longis. Capitula pauca, tenuissime pedunculata pedunculis 6-10 cm. longis, radiata, pauciflora (floribus tubulosis circ. 6-12), pansa ad anthesin 5 mm. lata et 4 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5, lineares, perspicue ciliatae, apice acres, circ. 3 mm. longae, inte- rioribus ovato-lanceolatis late diaphano-marginatis interdum fere aequales. Flores ligulati circ. 4-5, albidi vel subrosacei, purpureo- striati, circ. 3 mm. longi, triangulato-obovati. Achaenia pauca, recurvata, tenuiter linearia, subplana, nigra, glabra vel ad angulos valde tuberculato-hispida, biaristata (vel interdum exaristata ex Brandeg.), aristis (retrorsum hamosis hamis perpaucis vel demum calvis) circ. 1 mm. longis; pauca crassiuscula supra et corpore circ. 5 mm. longa, reliqua attenuata supra (et plerumque corpore 7-10 mm. longa! Brandeg. 5 mm. dixit inaccurate!). Type specimen: Collected by Townsend S. Brandegee at Cofra- dia (vicinity of Culiacan), State of Sinaloa, Mexico, October 21, 1904 (Calif.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Specimens examined :Brandegee, Cofradia, October 21, 1904 (type, Calif.: cotypes, Field; Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIII, FIGS, d-k Bidens oligantha: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.77; c, interior involucral bract, X4.77; d, ray corolla, X4.77; e, palea, X4.77; /, disc floret, X4.77; g (outer), h (inner), achenes, X2.72; all from cotype, in Hb. Gray. 106. Bidens Andrei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 61: 495. 1916. PI. LXXXIV, figs. k-s. Herba (ad basim suffrutescens?), 1-2 m. alta, glabrata, caule tetragono et striato; ramis tetragonis, striatis, (superioribus) irregu- lariter arcuatis et in nonnullos ramulos (vel pedunculos) divisis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.3-2 cm. longis basi connatis, petiolo adjecto 2.5-7 cm. longa, bi- vel tri-(vel quadri-) pinnata, supra minute et non dense adpresso-hispida; ultimis segmentis linearibus, integris vel lobulatis, indurato-apiculatis. Capitula multa, tenuiter pedun- culata pedunculis 4-12 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin tan- turn 5-6.5 mm. lata et circ. 4 mm. alta, demum (in fructu) usque ad 1 cm. alta. Involucrum basi plus minusve hispidum, bracteis demum Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate XC a b d BIDENS LEPTOCEPHALA Sherfl THE GENUS BIDENS 351 valde et perspicue reflexis; exterioribus (circ. 6) linearibus, apicu- latis, subsparsim pubescentibus, tantum 1-2 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, membranaceis, 2-3 mm. longis, margine diaphanis. Flores ligulati (6 vel pauciores) ligula lanceolati, 4-5-striati, apice integri, 3-4 mm. longi, in specimine sicco subalbi. Achaenia tenuis- sime attenuato-linearia, tetragona, ad apicem brunnea, alibi atra, supra sparsim erecto-hispida, corpore 0.5-1 cm. longa et tantum 0.3-0.6 mm. lata, biaristata aristis glabris vel retrorsum hamosis, usque ad 1.6 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Edouard Francois Andre, No. 2878, at altitude of 1,250 meters, Rio Juanambu, Colombia, April 28, 1876 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Rio Juanambu, Colombia. Specimens examined: Andre 2878 (type, Gray: cotype, Kew). The type specimen was restudied in 1922 and again in 1925. The 20-30 areolae on the old disks become prominent as the invo- lucres reflex. There are 37 heads on the type. The plant appears to be entirely herbaceous, but the label says "suffrutesc.," hence the lower part of the plant (not present on the sheet) may have been woody. The species stands very close to B. pilosa var. alausensis f . scandicina (H.B.K.) Sherff, from which it appears to differ in its taller stature, more acutely tetragonal stems, longer internodes, finally much reflexed involucres, and, most of all, its very minute flowering heads, these measuring only about 4 mm. high and equally wide. 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIV, FIGS. k-S Bidens Andrei: k, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.65; I, top of peduncle showing areolate receptacle and involucre reflexed in age, X9.16; m, portion of leaf showing pubescence, X5.23; n, exterior involucral bract, X5.23; o, interior involucral bract, X5.23; p, ray corolla, X5.23; q, palea, X5.23; r, disc floret, X5.23; s, achene, X3.92; all from type. 107. Bidens Anthriscoides DC. Prodr. 5: 600. 1836; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 61: 497. 1916. PI. LXXXIII, figs. i-q. Folia tripartite B. Anthriscoides sensu stricto. Folia bipinnata var. /3. decomposita. 1 It may be observed that in the somewhat comparable case of B. ramosissima Sherff the finally reflexed involucres and the minute size of the flowering heads were later concluded to be only subformal variations of B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff. 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Annua, erecta vel suberecta, ramosa, tota dense pubescenti- hirta vel etiam glabriuscula, 3-5 dm. alta; caule ramisque acriter tetragonis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 0.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3.5-9 cm. longa, membranacea, ciliata, tripartita, infimorum foliolis lateralibus ovatis acutis subaequalibus medio vix dissimi- libus, mediorum superiorumque foliolis lateralibus ovatis medio duplo longiore petiolulato lanceolato utrinque attenuate, omnibus serratis. Capitula ramulos terminantia, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 8-11 mm. lata et 5-9 mm. alta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1-8 cm. longis. Involucrum tomentosulum vel breviter hispidulum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, adpressis vel subsquarrosis, linearibus, apice acerrime indurato-mucronulatis, tantum 1.5-3 mm. longis et non interiores lanceolatas subaequantibus (DeCandolleus invol. squa- mis disco et inter se subaequalibus dixit per errorem!); interiori- bus 4-5 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 3 vel 4, parvi, ligula obovato- elliptici, leviter vel valde rosacei (exsiccati saepe subflavidi), apice truncate vel emarginato obtuse (saepius tri-) dentati, circ. 5 mm. longi. Achaenia pauca, 3-12 in unico capitulo; exteriora linearia vel lineari-fusiformia, valde obcompressa, flavido-brunnea vel rufo- badia, conspicue tuberculato-setulosa, corpore 6-7 mm. longa; interiora tenuissime elongato-linearia, supra attenuata sed non vero rostrata, subrecta vel saepius recurvata, atra, plus minusve tetra- gona, tuberculis saepe flavidis tuberculato-setulosa vel saepe una facie glabrata, corpore 9-21 mm. longa; omnia superne demum late distantia, apice breviter biaristata; aristis stramineis, retrorsum hamosis, 0.2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Jean Luis Berlandier, No. 1010, Cordillera de Guchilaque (near Cuernavaca, State of Morelos), Mexico, October, 1827 (Del.). 1 Distribution: Southwestern Mexico. Specimens examined: Berlandier 1010 (type, Del., 3 sheets: cotypes, Brit.; Flor.; Par.); idem 1152, Cordillera de Guchilaque, Mexico, October, 1827 (Del., 2 sheets; Flor., aristis saepe brevibus vel obsoletis; Par.); C. G. Pringle 11822 pro parte, ravine near Guadalajara, Jalisco, October 17, 1903 (Field). As stated before (Sherff, loc. cit.), examination of cotype material in London (Brit.) and Paris (Par.) shows the species to have radiate heads, not discoid as described by DeCandolle, exterior involucral bracts much shorter than the interior, not subequal, and some of the 1 No. 1010 is the first cited specimen and hence may pass as the type. De Candolle founded the species upon Berlandier 's Nos. 1010 and 1152, both from the same locality. The specimens are identical. THE GENUS BIDENS 353 achenes reaching a total length of 2.1 cm. The type and cotype specimens are of the very pubescent form and have tripartite leaves. Bidens Anthriscoides var. 0. decomposita Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 380. 1925. A specie foliis bipinnatis (segmentis ultimis oblongo-ovatis, cal- loso-apiculatis) differt. Type specimen: Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 11822 pro parte, ravine (barranca) near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco, Mexico, October 17, 1903 (Kew). Distribution: Known only from type locality, near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco, Mexico. Specimens examined : Pringle 11822 pro parte (type, Kew: cotypes, Berl.; Gray; U.S.). Pringle 11822 in the Herbarium of Field Museum has the leaves tripartite and matches the type material of B. Anthriscoides DC. (Berlandier 1010, Del.; Brit.; Par.) fairly well except in being gla- brate. Elsewhere, the specimens of Pringle 11822 are seen to have delicately bipinnate leaves, similar to those of B. pilosa var. bimu- cronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff. Through this form, apparently best regarded as a variety, B. Anthriscoides DC. is found to be rather closely related to a form (the B. inermis Wats.) of B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff. 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIII, FIGS, i-q Bidens Anthriscoides: i (lower), j (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.68; k, exterior involucral bract, X4.77; /, interior involucral bract, X4.77; ra, ray floret, X4.77; n, palea, X4.77; o, disc floret, X4.77; p (outer), q (inner), achenes, X2.72; all from Berlandier 1010 (type collection) i, j, mainly from sheet in Hb. Brit., but partly from sheets in Hb. Par.; k, I, n-q, from sheet in Hb. Brit.; ra, from sheet in Hb. Par. 108. Bidens Chrysanthemifolia (H.B.K.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 61:501.1916. PI. LXXXV. Cosmos Chrysanthemifolius H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 188 (239) and pi. 382. 1820. Cosmea Chrysanthemifolia (H.B.K.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. ed. 16. 3: 615. 1826. Cosmos Chrysanthemoides H.B.K. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 607. 1836. 1 The var. decomposita is not to be confused with the var. angustiloba DC., a plant referable to B. duranginensis Sherff (q.v.). 354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Cosmea Chrysanthemoides H.B.K. ex Heynhold, Nomencl. 222. 1840. Bidens Kunthii Schz. Bip. in Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 308. 1852-1857. Bidens parvulifolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 490. 1913. Herba ut videtur interdum perennis, breviter et dense pilosa vel maxima ex parte glabrata; caule subsimplici, adscendenti vel plus minusve repenti, tetragono, 1.5-4 dm. longo. Folia petiolata petiolis ciliatis pilosiusculisque 4-13 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1-2.5 cm. longa, variabilia; mine pinnato-quinquepartita, circumam- bitu ovato-triangularia, foliolis oppositis, duobus inferioribus tri- vel quinquefidis, tribus superioribus trifidis, segmentis obovato- cuneatis et quibusdam apice bi- vel trilobis lobis acutis; nunc etiam fere omnia indivisa, ovata, acuta vel subacuminata, serrata. Capi- tula terminalia, solitaria vel subsolitaria, longe tenuiterque pedun- culata pedunculis 5-17 cm. longis et plerumque glaberrimis, erecta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-3.3 cm. lata et circ. 6-8 mm. alta. Involucrum basi hispidum vel omnino glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 7 vel 8, linearibus vel superne saepe subdilatatis, saepe subcarnosis, apice plerumque obtusis, margine costaque mediana raro paucis pilis instructis, 2.5-3.5 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, 5-6 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 5-8, rosacei (vel in speciminibus exsiccatis saepe subflavidis), ligula oblongo-elliptici vel oblanceolati, apice obsolete denticulati, 1-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia et inferne subattenuata, obcompresso-tetragona, glabra, nigra, corpore 4.5-7 mm. longa, biaristata; aristis aurantiaco-flavidis, tenuibus, supra retrorsum hamosis, 1.2-1.8 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland, 1799-1804, the locality uncertain; thought by Kunth to have come perhaps from Mexico, but it is known at present only from Guatemala (Par.). Distribution: Known only from Department of Amatitlan, Guatemala. Specimens examined: Heyde & Lux 6162, alt. 900 meters, Frai- janes, September, 1893 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; U.S.; nom. vernac., mosote); iidem 6163, Guatemala (Field, type of Bidens parvulifolia Sherff) ; iidem 6173, alt. 900 meters, Fraijanes, September, 1893 (Berl.; Brit.; Boiss.; Field; Kew); Humboldt & Bonpland, loco ignoto (type, Par.); W. A. Kellerman 6112, alt. 2,490 meters, crater of Volcan de Pacaya, January 6, 1907 (Field) ; Scherzer, alt. 2,700- 3,300 meters, Volcan de Pacaya, August, 1854 (Mus. V., sub nom. Bidente pacayae Schz. Bip.). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XCI BIDENS ENGLERI O. E. Schulz (figs, a-/) BIDENS CYLINDRICA Sherff (figs, g-l) OF 'THE THE GENUS BIDENS 355 This species was stated definitely by DeCandolle (loc. cit.) to come from Mexico, but Kunth (H.B.K. loc. cit.) was uncertain as to its native country. It is known definitely only from Guatemala. DeCandolle commented upon the closer affinity of the achenes with those of Bidens than with those of Cosmos. Whether he altered the specific name through intent or through error, I am unable to say. 1 But later, Schultz Bipontinus (Seemann, loc. cit.), who frankly declared his belief that Cosmos was not a valid genus, used this altered name in citing it as a basis for his Bidens Kunthii, which latter name, according to the International Rules, cannot stand. Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 16. 1884) strongly suspected that this plant was merely Bidens humilis H.B.K. and suggested a reexamination of the type material. Kunth (H.B.K. loc. cit.) had described the color of the ligules as "violacea, basim versus sulphurea." This description is borne out, not only by the coloring in the plate cited (that is, in copies of Kunth's work having the plates colored, as in John Crerar Library, Chicago), but by the type specimen in Paris, clearly the one from which the plate was made. This speci- men, though faded as to its rays, shows at least that the proximal ends of the rays were colored differently from the remaining portions, which latter seem surely to have been some shade of red. More recently, there has been collected in the Department of Amatitlan, Guatemala, fine material, Heyde & Lux 6173, which belongs here. Singularly enough, it had been determined by John Donnell Smith as Bidens humilis (cf. Gray, loc. cit.), but the roseate rays and more or less Cosmos-like aspect are very distinct. The color of the rays in the dry condition varies from a pronounced roseate to a faded yellowish color, rather than showing a distinct sulphureous color definitely located toward the base as described by Kunth. Still further material from the same small district in Guatemala, W. A. Kellerman 6112, has been collected and fortunately is in a more mature condition. The ripe achenes match the ovary figured by Kunth and show that there is not the slightest tendency to become rostrate as in most species of Cosmos. An examination of the original description of Bidens parvulifolia (Sherff, loc. cit.) shows that the second cited specimen, Heyde & 1 In his Prodromus Herbarium DeCandolle had mistaken a single large speci- men of Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff for this species. The original label had said "Bidens Cavanilles" and from the peculiar fades of the plant, the writing, etc., it is clearly one of the original specimens of Bidens odorata Cav. that had been sent out by Cavanilles. On the cover, DeCandolle originally had written "B. Chrysanthemoides? H.B.K." but later had changed the "B." to "C." 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Lux 6162, seen in the United States National Herbarium, was obtained by the same collectors at the same altitude, locality, and time as Heyde & Lux 6173. The dried ligules were yellowish, the leaves were pubescent, and all but the top pair were simple. Since then I have found other specimens (Heyde & Lux 6162) show- ing numerous intergradations between the simple, pubescent leaves and the compound, mainly glabrous leaves; also, variations to a roseate color are shown in the rays. Thus Bidens parvulifolia, incredible as it may seem to any botanist who does not have at hand the intermediate specimens, must be interpreted as merely a form of Bidens Chrysanthemifolia having minute, mainly undivided leaves. B. Chrysanthemifolia offers a perplexing approach to B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff. It seems significant, however, that among the large number of specimens of the rather widely distributed f. odorata examined from elsewhere than in the Department of Amatitlan, Guatemala, none have been found to present the gradations from glabrous, decompound to pubescent, undivided leaves that B. Chrysanthemifolia presents. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXV Bidens Chrysanthemifolia: a, c, flowering branches, X0.61; b, leaf and portion of adjacent stem enlarged to show pubescence, Xl.22; d-i, various pinnate or bipinnatisect cauline leaves, X0.61; j, exterior involucral bract, X4.89; k, interior involucral bract, X4.89; /, ray corolla, X4.89; m, palea, X4.89; n, disc floret, X4.89; o (outer), p (inner), achenes, X2.4; a, b, from Heyde & Lux 6163 (type of Bidens parvulifolia Sherff), in Hb. Field; c, j-p, from Heyde & Lux 6162, in Hb. U.S.; d-h, various cauline leaves from Heyde & Lux 6173, in Hb. Kew; i, cauline leaf from type. 109. Bidens mollifolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 21. 1917. PI. LXXXVI. Herba annua, 1.2-1.8 m. alta (ex inscriptione Pringlei) ; caule et ramis plus minusve acute tetragonis, subviridibus vel purpurascenti- bus, dense tomentosis (vel supra etiam fere glabris) ; ramis ad finem liberum in aliquot ramulos vel pedunculos divisis, ut quaeque planta 30-60 capitula habeat. Folia petiolata petiolis dense tomentosis basi connatis 0.3-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-9 cm. longa, ternata vel pinnata, dense et molliter pilosiuscula vel tomentosula, infra pallidiora; foliolis (3-7) ovatis vel lanceolatis, serratis, laterali- bus (infimis interdum ternatis) 1-3.5 cm. longis et 0.5-2 cm. latis, terminali 1.8-5 cm. longo et 0.7-2.3 cm. lato. Capitula breviter Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XCII BIDENS PSEUDALAUSENSIS Sherff (figs, a-g) BIDENS CORNUTA Sherff (figs, h-n) Of Of THE GENUS BIDENS 357 pedunculata pedunculis 0.5-3 cm. longis, radiata, 5-7 mm. alta et ad anthesin ligulis adjectis (etiam cum achaeniis) 1.5-2 cm. lata. Involucrum basi hispidum, bracteis exterioribus 6-8, linearibus, ad apicem obtusis, sparsim hispidis et plus minusve ciliatis, 2-3 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, maxima ex parte glabris, 3-5 mm. longis. Flores ligulati circ. 5, ligula obovati vel oblanceolati, rosacei, 3-7-striati, apice 2-4-lobulati lobulis subrotundis, 0.8-1 cm. longi. Paleae lineares demum 5-7 mm. longae, terminis tortis achaenia demum superantes. Achaenia subtetragona, clavae simillima, infra angustiora, apice calva et areolata, atra, glabra, 3-6.5 mm. longa. Type specimen : Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 6050, at altitude of 2,250 meters, Sierra de San Felipe, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, November 16, 1894 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Specimens examined: E. W. Nelson 1176 pro parte, alt. 2,850- 3,300 meters, vicinity of Sierra de San Felipe (Cerro San Felipe), September 1, 1894 (U.S.); idem 1363, alt. 2,250-2,850 meters, 18 miles southwest of City of Oaxaca, September 10-20, 1894 (Gray) ; idem 1476 pro parte, alt. 1,650-2,250 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, September 20, 1894 (Gray); Pringle 6050 (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.;Par.;Phila.;U.V., etc.). A species of highly restricted distribution. It appears most closely related to Bidens pilosa var. calcicola, which at times offers a strong resemblance. The clavate achenes of B. mollifolia, however, seem very distinctive. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVI Bidens mollifolia: a (upper), b (lower), portions of flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.55; c, small portion of same enlarged to show pubescence, Xl.66; d, exterior involucral bract, X3.32; e, interior involucral bract, X3.32; /, ray corolla, X3.32; g, palea, X3.32; h, disc floret,. X3.32; i, achene, X3.32; all from type. 110. Bidens Abadiae DC. Prodr. 5: 601. 1836. PI. LXXXVII, figs, a, c-i. Folia bipinnatisecta B. Abadiae sensu stricto. Folia pinnatim 3-5-partita var. /3. pilosoides. Herba annua, erecta, ramosa, pilis albidis plus minusve villoso- hirsuta, caule tetragona, probabiliter 4-9 dm. alta, internodiis elongatis quam foliis multo longioribus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-4 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-15 cm. longa, circumambitu late tri- angulata, bipinnatisecta; segmentis principalibus 2-3 jugis, mem- branaceis, anguste oblongo-ovatis, grosse inciso-dentatis terminali trilobo basi cuneato, infra (exsiccatis) multo pallidioribus, dentibus obtusis abrupte mucronatis. Capitula non numerosa, pedunculata pedunculis 2-4 cm. longis, breviter radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et 6-9 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae glabrae vel villoso- hirsutae, subaequales, 5-7 mm. longae; exteriores moderatim lineares, supra dilatatae, apice acriter apiculatae; interiores lanceolatae vel ovato-lanceolatae. Flores ligulati 4-6, pro capitulo parvi, exsiccati albi, ligula ovati, circ. 5-7-striati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, subtetragona, atra, omnino circ. 8-sulcata, supra marginibus et costis medianis adrecte setosa, corpore 4.6-6 mm. longa et 0.5-1 mm. lata, 2- vel 3-aristata aristis brunneo-stramineis retrorsum hamosis plerumque 1.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Abadia around Lima, Peru, in 1833 (Del.). Distribution: Vicinity of Lima, Peru; also in Ecuador and Colombia. Specimens examined: Abadia, Lima, Peru, 1833 (type, Del.); Bro. Ariste-Joseph A832, Choaclu, above Bogota, Colombia, July (U.S. ; forma internodiis longissimis) ; Alexander Mathews 738, Lima (Kew); A. Mille 387, in cultivated places, Cotocollso, Ecuador, February, 1922 (U.S.) ; Luis Mille 486, in cultivated places, June, 1904 (U.S.; forma); ex herb. Pavonii, Lima and Chancay, Peru (Boiss.; Flor.). Bidens Abadiae DC. was founded upon a specimen collected at Lima, Peru, in 1833. The leaves of the type are bipinnatisect, and the general aspect of the foliage is comparable with that of B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff. In the Boissier Herbarium is the plant from the Pa von Herbarium, and collected at Lima or in its vicinity, a plant matching the type very closely in its bipinnatisect foliage. The technical characters of both the old and young heads on these plants are very similar to those often met with in B. pilosa L. The general habit is so distinct, however, that to equate B. Abadiae and B. pilosa would seem unjustifiable. Bidens Abadiae var. ft. pilosoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 40. 1926. PI. LXXXVII, fig. 6. A specie foliis pinnatim 3-5-partitis foliolis ovatis vel terminali lanceolate omnibus serratis vel incisis apice obtusis vel acutis capi- tulis plerumque eradiatis diversa; habitu B. pilosae adpropinquans. THE GENUS BIDENS 359 Type specimen: Collected by Hugh Cuming, No. 1041, Lima, Peru, in 1831 (Kew, 2 sheets). Distribution: Peru. Specimens examined: Cuming 1041 (type, Kew, 2 sheets); W. Nation, cultivated places, Lima, 1862 (Kew); ex herb. Pavonii ex Peru (Webb) ; Dr. & Mrs. J. N. Rose 18740 p. p., Santa Clara, July 18, 1914 (N.Y.). In the Webb Herbarium at Florence is the additional specimen (just cited) from the Pavon Herbarium, and collected in Peru. This has the leaves merely tripartite, with the terminal lobe subtripartite. The specimens by Cuming and by Nation, all from Lima, likewise differ from the DeCandolle type of B. Abadiae in having leaves only once-divided. One of the Cuming specimens has leaves ap- proaching those of the related B. pilosa var. alausensis (H.B.K.) Sherff. Since the difference between the simply pinnate and the bi- pinnatisect types of foliage appears here to be emphatic, as in the varieties of B. pilosa, I have given the name pilosoides to the variety having 3-5-partite leaves. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVII Bidens Abadiae, figs, a, c-i: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.52; c, portion of leaf enlarged to show pubescence, X3.14; d, exterior involucral bract, X3.14; e, interior involucral bract, X3.14; /, ray corolla, X3.14; g, palea, X3.14; h, disc floret, X3.14; i, achene, X3.14; all from hb. Pavdn, Lima and Chancay, Peru, in Hb. Boiss. Bidens Abadiae var. pilosoides, fig. b: cauline leaf, X3.14; from W. Nation, Lima, Peru, 1862, in Hb. Kew. 111. Bidens Brandegeei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 38. 1917. PL LXXXVIII, figs. a-k. Herba annua, erecta (nisi infra plus minusve arcuata), 3-5 dm. alta, maxima ex parte albido-hispida, caule quadrangulato striato, ramis tenuibus rursus ramosis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.2-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1-8 cm. longa, pinnata vel bipinnata, supra minus albido-hispida; foliolis 3-5, ovatis (vel ovato-lanceolatis) serratisque et iis Bidentis pilosae L. similibus vel pinnato-partitis, lobulis vel dentibus indurato-apiculatis. Capitula pauca, terminalia, radiata, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis monocephalicis et 3-8 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae subaequales, exteriores (circ. 8) lineares, 1-nervatae, apiculatae, albido-ciliatae et -hispidae, 4-5 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, membranaceae, glabratae vel pubescentes, 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI margine diaphanae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, ligula obovati, in speci- mine sicco albido-flavi, 7-9-striati, ad apicem obscure dentati, 1-1.3 cm. longi. Achaenia (submatura) attenuato-linearia, striata, exari- stata, supra antrorsum hispida, 4-6 mm. longa. Type specimen : Collected by Townsend S. Brandegee, in vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, State of Puebla, near the Oaxaca boundary line, Mexico, 1908 (Calif., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality, vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, State of Puebla (near Oaxaca boundary line), Mexico. Specimens examined : Brandegee, vicinity of San Luis Tul- titlanapa, 1908 (Calif., first type sheet); idem, eodem loco, July, 1908 (Calif., second type sheet); C. A. Purpus 4429, eodem loco, August, 1908 (Calif.). The first type sheet bears two fine specimens, the larger one having its leaves bipinnately divided. The specimens on the second type sheet have the leaves mainly 3-5-partite, as in B. pilosa. The achenes suggest those of B. pilosa var. bimucronata. The ray florets suggest the ray florets of B. pilosa var. radiata. The combination of achenial and radial characters with the strange general aspect (especially in the case of the first specimen, with its bipinnate and particularly white-hispid foliage) is one that I have never observed in authentic material of B. pilosa. It seems best, therefore, to retain B. Brandegeei as a separate species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVIII, FIGS, a-k Bidens Brandegeei: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.57; 6, c, more compound cauline leaves than in a, X0.57; d, small part of plant enlarged to show pubescence, Xl.7; e, exterior involucral bract, X4.54; /, interior involucral bract, X4.54; g, ray corolla, X2.27; h, palea, X4.54; i, /, disc florets, X4.54; k, achene, X4.54; a, e-k, from left-hand specimen on 2nd type sheet; b, from right- hand specimen on 2nd type sheet; c, d, from left-hand specimen on 1st type sheet. 112. Bidens aequisquama (Fern.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 26. 1917. PI. CIX, figs. k-t. Bidens rosea var. aequisquama Fern. Proc. Amer. Acad. 43: 68. 1907. Herba 5 dm. alta; caule ramisque pubescentibus vel sub- glabris, quadrangularibus, striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.4-1.8 cm. longis hispidis ad basim connatis, petiolo adjecto 3-8.5 cm. THE GENUS BIDENS 361 longa, indivisa vel tripartita, ciliata, supra subglabra, infra sparsim adpresso-hispida et pallidiora; indivisa lanceolata, subcrasse ser- rata; foliolis foliorum tripartitorum similiter serratis, terminali ovato vel lanceolate, lateralibus ovatis et subsessilibus et minoribus. Capitula terminalia, radiata, pedunculata pedunculis 1-6 cm. longis et ad apicem creberrime albido-pubescentibus. Involucrum basi hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 9-16, linearibus, hispidis, 2-4 mm. longis; interioribus subaequalibus, lanceolatis, glabris vel ad apicem et longitudinaliter medio hispidis, margine diaphanis. Flores ligulati circ. 8, rosei, striati, apice irregulariter 2-4-dentati, saepius 9-11 mm. longi et 6-8 mm. lati. Achaenia nigra, linearia, ad apicem plus minusve hispida, biaristata, corpore 4.5-7 mm. longa, aristis flavis retrorsum hamosis 2.5-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 10109, in thickets at altitude of 1,500 meters, near Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico, November 1, 1905 (Gray). Distribution: Michoacan, Mexico. Specimens examined: Bro. G. Arsene, alt. 2,100 meters, Quinceo, near Morelia, 1910 (Field, 3 sheets); idem 3198, alt. 2,800 meters, Quinceo, November 11, 1909 (Berl.; Gray; Mo.); idem 5797, eodem loco, 1910 (Gray; Mo. ; N.Y. ; U.S.) ; idem 6774, Dos Teteras, alt. 2,500 meters, vicinity of Morelia, October 26, 1911 (Mo.; U.S.); C. G. Pringle 10109 (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Boiss.; Cop.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Phila.); idem 13420, Farascon, October 11, 1904 (U.S.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CIX, FIGS, k-t Bidens aequisquama: k, I, flowering and fruiting specimens, X0.62; m, separate leaf, X0.62; n, lower surface of portion of leaf showing pubescence, Xl.24; o, exterior involucral bract, X3.71; p, interior involucral bract, X3.71; q, ray corolla, X3.71; r, palea, X3.71; s, disc floret, X3.71; t, achene, X3.71; all from cotype, in Hb. Field. 113. Bidens Bigelovii A. Gray in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 91. 1858. PI. LXXXIX, figs. a-k. Planta austro-mexicana var. /3. pueblensis. Planta a Sonora borealiter distributa. . .B. Bigelovii sensu stricto. Herba annua, erecta, fere glabra, 4-10 dm. alta; caule tetragono, gracili, ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 8 cm. longa, tripartita, segmentis 3-5-partitis, 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI lobis oblongis vel cuneatis et paucius pinnatifido-incisis dentibus mucronatis, membranaceis, plus minusve ciliatis. Capitula sub- solitaria, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 15 cm. longis, discoidea vel subradiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6-9 mm. lata et aequaliter alta. Involucrum basi hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 6-9, linearibus, tergo glabratis, margine ciliatis, termino acriter apiculatis, 5-7.5 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, saepe brevi- oribus. Flores ligulati deficientes vel 3-5, albidi, ligula oblongo- obovati, 5-7 mm. longi. Achaenia subtetragona, dimorpha; 1-4 exteriora lineari-cuneata, truncata, papilloso-hispidula et scaberrima, saepe rufo-badia, corpore circ. 5-7 mm. longa, apice nunc obsolete aristata nunc manifeste 2-3-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et usque ad 1.5 mm. longis; cetera anguste linearia, atra, infra glabrata supra plerumque erecto-hispida, corpore 8-12 mm. longa, apice 2-3- aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 1.5-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by John Milton Bigelow, No. "582(6)," on banks of Limpio Creek (Rio Limpio), Texas, July 19, 1852 (Gray). Distribution: Northern Colorado to southern New Mexico and southern Arizona, also reaching slightly into northern Sonora, Mexico. Specimens examined : Bigelow, banks of Limpio Creek, etc. (type, Gray: cotype, N.Y.); 1 idem, mountain arroyo, Rock Creek, Texas, July (Gray; ab A. Grayo pro varietate innominata, achaeniis triaristatis exterioribus longioribus habitum); J. C. Blumer 1486, alt. 1,650 meters, Miss Rhoda Riggs' Ranch, along creek, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, October 22, 1906 (Field; Gray); idem 1711, alt. 1,590 meters, in shade, on sandy alluvium, near Cedar Gulch, Paradise, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September 21, 1907 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo., ubi B. leptocephalae adpropinquans; Mus. V.; U.S.); idem 2211, alt. 1,590 meters, Paradise, Arizona, October 3, 1907 (Gray; N.Y.) ; F. E. & E. S. Clements 64, alt. 2,200 meters, Engelmann Canyon, Colorado, August 24, 1901 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Mo.; N.Y.); C. S. Crandall 2724, Ute Pass, Colorado, August 25, 1897 (Berl.; N.Y.; Par.); W. W. Eggleston 17416, alt. 1,500 meters, Fort Davis, Texas, September 19, 1920 (N.Y.; U.S.); George Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri, May, 1848 (cult, e seminibus ad Santa Fe, New Mexico, lectis; Mo.); J. G. Lemmon, Apache Pass, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881 (Mo.; alibi est B. leptocephala) ; idem 2771, near 1 The material at New York (from the old Torrey Herbarium) has the No. 582 and, additional to the Limpio locality and date, "Puerto de Paysano, Sept. 4, 1852." Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XCIII BIDENS TENUISECTA Gray IKE THE GENUS BIDENS 363 Fort Huachuca, southern Arizona (Gray); idem & uxor, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, September, 1882 (Kew); 0. B. Metcalfe 839, on or near West Fork of Gila River, Mogollon Mts., Socorro Co., New Mexico, September 15, 1903 (U.S); idem 1096, moist loam, alt. about 1,980 meters, Kingston, New Mexico, July 9, 1904 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Gray; Mo.); Nealley 244, Limpio Canyon, western Texas, 1889 (Field); C. C. Parry, Cibuta Valley, northern Sonora, Mexico, July, 1852 (Gray; N.Y.); C. G. Pringle 18, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, July 8, 1884 (Gray) ; C. L. Shear 4587, Manitou, Colorado, September 5, 1896 (N.Y.); E. 0. Wooton, Organ Mts., Dona Ana Co., New Mexico, September 17, 1893 (N.Y.); idem, eodem loco, September 28, 1902 (U.S.); idem, Filmore Canyon, eodem loco, October 23, 1904 (U.S.); idem, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, September 30, 1913 (U.S.) ; idem 430, alt. 1,440 meters, Organ Mts., New Mexico, September 1, 1897 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Del.; Kew; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); idem & P. C. Standley, alt. about 1,650 meters, eodem loco, September 23, 1906 (U.S.); iidem, alt. about 1,800 meters, eodem loco et tempore (U.S.); Charles Wright 346, western Texas, May- October, 1849 (Gray). Bidens Bigelovii var. 0. pueblensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 287. 1929. Folia principalia valde membranacea, tenuiter petiolata petio- lis usque ad 3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-7 cm. longa, circum- ambitu triangulato-ovata, pinnata vel bipinnatisecta, segmentis primariis ovatis saepe 2-3 cm. longis et 1.2-1.6 cm. latis. Flores ligulati circ. 5, subflavi, circ. 6-7 mm. longi. Achaenia inferne glabrata superne plus minusve erecto-setosa, apice biaristata (vel exteriora interdum calva) aristis stramineis 1.5-3 mm. longis retror- sum hamosis, dimorpha, exteriora clavata badia vel rubro-straminea corpore tantum circ. 4.5-5.5 mm. longa, interiora atra corpore usque ad 11 mm. longa et superne attenuata. Type specimen: Collected by Fr. G. Arsene, No. 7211, vicinity of Puebla, State of Puebla, Mexico, October, 1908 (U.S.). Distribution: States of Michoacan, Mexico (with Federal Dis- trict), Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, southern Mexico. Specimens examined: G. Arsene 1982, Hacienda Batan, near Tatimehuacan, vicinity of Puebla, State of Puebla, December 3, 1907 (U.S.); idem 5870, alt. 1,950 meters, Loma Santa Maria, vicinity of Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico, September 4, 1910 (U.S.); idem 7211 (type, U.S.); C. Conzatti 2261, alt. 2,000 meters, Cerro 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI San Felipe, Distr. del Centre, Oaxaca, Mexico, October 18, 1908 (Field); E. W. Nelson 3167, alt. 2,100-2,400 meters, near San Cristo- bal, Chiapas, September 18, 1895 (Gray); F. Nicol&s 5557, Batan, State of Puebla, November 14, 1910 (U.S.); C. G. Pringle 6784, near Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico, Federal District, September 10, 1897 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Gray; Mun.; Mus. V.). 1 The foliage of the observed specimens suggests strongly that of Bidens duranginensis Sherff, but the dimorphic achenes reveal the affinity with B. Bigelovii Gray, a species which, in its typical form, is confined to a more northern range. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIX, FIGS. 0,-k Bidens Bigelovii: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.67; b, fruiting branch, X0.67; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.02; d, interior involucral bract, X4.02; e, ray corolla, X4.02; /, palea, X4.02; g, disc floret, X4.02; h and j (outer), i and k (inner), achenes, X2.68; a, c-i, from type; 6, Parry 882, in Hb. Gray; j, k, Bigelow, mountain arroyo, Rock Creek, Texas, July (A. Gray's unnamed variety), in Hb. Gray. 114. Bidens leptocephala Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 22. 1917. PI. XC. Herba annua, 1-5 dm. alta, ramosa; caule et ramis tetragonis, saepius glabratis, striatis, tenuibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.3-4 cm. longis sparsim hispido-ciliatis ad basim connatis, petiolo adjecto 2-10 cm. longa, 1.5-5.5 cm. lata, bipinnata (inferiora non saepe unipinnata), minute ciliata, hispida (praecipue ad venas) vel glabrata, segmentis nunc linearibus nunc etiam ovatis. Capitula terminalia, subradiata vel discoidea, pansa ad anthesin 3-5 mm. alta et 4-8 mm. lata, cum achaeniis 1-1.5 cm. alta et saepius 2-4 mm. lata, tenuissime pedunculata pedunculis 2-8 cm. longis. Invo- lucrum basi subglabrum; bracteis exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, cili- atis, 1-2.5 mm. longis; interioribus dimidio longioribus, lanceolatis, glabris vel ad apicem pubescentibus. Flores ligulati (interdum defici- entes) circ. 3, minimi (circ. 2.5 mm. longi et 1.2 mm. lati), integri vel ad apicem bidentes, 4- vel 5-striati, subalbidi. Achaenia pauca 1 A form in the past confused by me with B. duranginensis and with B. pilosa var. radiata. Cf. O. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 138. 1911: "Equidem hanc formam [subbiternatam O. Ktze.] in specimine unico a cl. Pringle (n. 6784) in Mexico collecto observavi;"-eundem, Engler Bpt. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 177. 1914: "Nur ein einziges Mai habe ich in dem reichhaltigen Material des Berliner Bot. Museums ein Exemplar gefunden, dessen unterste Fiederblattchen etwas geteilt sind (Mexico: Pringle n. 6784)." Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XCIV / BIDENS PAUPERCULA Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 365 (5-9 vel interdum -13), subtetragona, linearia, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, 1-3 mm. longis; quaedam exteriora badia vel sub- nigra, hispida, corpore 6-8 mm. longa; interiora nigra vel ad apicem helveola, infra glabra, supra hispida, corpore 0.9-1.4 cm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by J. C. Blumer, No. 1712, in shade, sandy alluvium soil at altitude of 1,615 meters, near Cedar Gulch, Paradise, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, September 21, 1907 (Gray). Distribution: State of Chihuahua (Mexico) northward into New Mexico and westward into Arizona and Lower (Baja) California. Specimens examined: J. M. Bigelow (Lt. A. W. Whipple's ExpL), Hurrah Creek, northern Guadalupe Co., New Mexico, September 25, 1853-1854 (N.Y.); idem 581, "mountains near Estaban" (Gray; N.Y.); Blumer 1712 (type, Gray: cotypes, BerL; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.); idem 2144, alt. 1,680 meters, Wilgus Ranch, base of rhyolite slope, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September 4, 1907 (U.S.); T. S.Brandegee, San Bernardo, Lower California, October 13, 1893 (Calif.); idem, Miraflores, Lower California, September 27, 1899 (N.Y.); idem 320, mountains near Agua Caliente, Lower California, October 18, 1890 (Calif.) ',E. L. Greene 263, banks of the Upper Gila River, New Mexico, August 29, 1880 (Gray) ; David Griffiths 1985, Hudson Ranch, near Pierce, Arizona, October, 1900 (N.Y.); idem 5994, fenced area, Santa Rita Mts. Forest Reserve, Arizona, September 27-October 4, 1903 (U.S.); idem 6014, above range reserve, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, September 12-October 18, 1903 (U.S. ; forma foliis Bidenti Bigelovii adpropinquans) ; Griffiths & Thornber 65, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, September 20-October 4, 1902 (U.S.); M. E. Jones, alt. 1,350 meters, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, August 24, 1903 (Stanf.); J. G. Lemmon, Apache Pass, Fort Bowie, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881 (Brit.; Calif.; Cam.; Field; Par., 2 sheets; alibi, e.g. Mo., est B. Bigelovii) ; idem 333, near Fort Huachuca, southern Arizona, 1882 (Gray); idem 3029, eodem loco, 1883 (Gray); idem & uxor, Apache Pass, Fort Bowie, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881 (Brit.; Carn.; U.S.); C.G. Pringle 62, near Arivaca, Arizona, August 31, 1884 (Gray) ; idem 534, near Chihuahua, State of Chihua- hua, Mexico, September 6, 1885 (Gray); idem 1574, shaded banks, Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, September 17, 1887 (Field; Mo.); J. J. Thornber 72, alt. 1,500 meters, Stone Cabin Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, September 14, 1903 (Mo.; N.Y.); George Thurber, near Chihuahua, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, October, 1852 (Gray) ; idem 842, November (Gray) ; C. H. T. Townsend & C. M. Barber 411, alt. 2,100 meters, near Seven-star Mine, Sierra Madre, Chi- 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI huahua, September 7, 1899 (Brit.; Del.; Kew; Mo.; Par.); (E.O. Wooton 430, formerly referred in small part to this species, seems rather to be entirely B. Bigelovii;) C. Wright 12346i's pro parte, New Mexico, 1851-1852 (Kew; Mo.; Phila.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XC Bidens leptocephala: a, entire fruiting plant, X0.67; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6.7; c, interior involucral bract, X6.7; d, ray floret, X6.7; e, palea, X6.7; /, disc floret, X6.7; g (outer),' h (inner), achenes, X5.36; all mainly from cotype in Hb. U.S. 115. Bidens bipinnata L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753. PI. LXXXIX, figs. l-s. Bidens fervida Hort. ex Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 306. 1834. Bidens Myrrhidifolia Tausch, Flora 19: 394. 1836. Bidens Cicutaefolia Tausch, op. cit. 395. Bidens elongata Tausch, loc. cit. (ex descript. etc.). Bidens tenuifolia Tausch, loc. cit. Bidens decomposite, Wall, ex DC. Prodr. 5: 602. 1836. Coreopsis Corymbifolia Ham. in Wall, ex DC. loc. cit. 1 Bidens Kotschyi Schz. Bip. ex Walp. Repert. 6: 168. 1846. Bidens Kotschyana Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Kerneria bipinnata (L.) Godr. & Gren. Fl. Fr. 2: 169. 1850. Bidens pilosa var. bipinnata (L.) Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 309. 1881. Bidens pilosa var. decomposita (Wall, ex DC.) J. D. Hook. loc. cit. Bidens bipinnata var. minor Memm. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 30: 148. 1915. Bidens pinnata L. ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 94. 1920 (sphalm). 2 Folia normaliter bipinnata; involucri bracteis exterioribus apicaliter acutis B. bipinnata sensu stricto. Folia pinnata vel tantum foliolis imis tripartitis bipinnata; involucri bracteis exterioribus superne dilatatis var. /3. biternatoides. Herba annua, erecta, plerumque glabra sed rariter minute setoso- hispida, ramosa, caule tetragona, 3-12 (-17) dm. alta. Folia tenuiter 1 Copies of Wallich's Catalogue seen by me give "Coreopsis? corindifolia Ham." (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 442 and footnote 3. 1928), indicating a resemblance in foliage to Corindum. 2 Bidens fervida Nocca (nomen in Fischer, Cat. Jard. PI. Razoum. Gorenki ed. 2. 37. 1812) is represented by two specimens (Petrop.) and is seen to be purely B. bipinnata L. (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 442. 1928). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XCV BIDENS PRINGLEI Greenm. (figs, a-h) BIDENS HETEROSPERMA Gray (figs, i-o) THE ' OF THt UIWEHSIT! OF THE GENUS BIDENS 367 petiolata petiolis 2-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.4-2 dm. longa, normaliter 2-3-pinnata, membranacea, ciliata, segmentis ultimis saepe deltoideo- (vel rhomboideo) lanceolatis, basim versus cuneatis. Capitula florescentia parva, 5-7 mm. alta et 4-6 mm. lata, peduncu- lata pedunculis tenuibus et 1-10 cm. longis, obscure radiata. In- volucrum ad basim pubescens, bracteis exterioribus 7-10, linearibus, ad apicem acutis, 3-5 mm. longis; interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, exteriores dimidio superantibus. Flores ligulati flavido-albidi, ligula lanceolati vel obovato-lanceolati, apice integri vel valde irregu- lariterque 2-3-lobulati, floribus tubulosis non longiores. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, (rarissime 2-) 3- vel 4-aristata aristis flavidis retrorsum hamosis plerumque 2-4 mm. longis; corpore plerumque nigro, supra attenuate et saepe setis parvis sparsim vestito, infra glabrato, 1-1.8 cm. longo; corpore 2-4 exteriorum saepe crassiore, rufulo, minute et creberrime tuberculato-hispido, 0.7-1.2 cm. longo. Type specimen: No type was cited. The habitat was given as Virginia and the first pre-Linnean reference given for a synonym (Chrysanthemum aquaticum, foliis multifidis cicutae nonnihil similibus, virginianum. Herm. lugdb. 416. 1690) relates definitely to a Virginia plant. 1 The nativity of the specimen in the Linnean Herbarium is not indicated on the sheet. Distribution: Rhode Island to Florida and westward to Kansas and Mexico; rare in California; scattered in French Guiana, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, etc.; common in northern Italy and the Tyrol and extending into France; also in British East India, China, Corea, Japan, Kordofan, islands of Madagascar and Sokotra (east coast of Africa), Lizard Island (northeast coast of Australia), Philippine Islands, etc. Probably native in recent times only to the eastern United States and eastern Asia, elsewhere introduced. 2 Specimens examined: Ambrosius, in vineyards, Valsugana, Italy (Del.); anon. (Linn., sub num. 6 et nom. bipinnata); anon. 63, Lizard Isl., northeast coast of Australia, April, 1861 (Mus. V., 2 1 In early days the boundaries of Virginia extended much farther west, of course, than at present. It may be added that in the later (posthumous) work of Hermann's, his Paradisus Batavus (pi. 123. 1698), a crude illustration of an entire plant was given, accompanied by the slightly modified name Chrysanthemum Virginianum foliis Cicutae nonnihil Similibus. The plate was positively of our Linnean B. bipinnata. 2 Other authors have commonly regarded this species as native to the United States, whence introduced elsewhere. The characteristic and quite individual aspect found in much of the Asiatic material, an aspect that has persisted through specimens collected many years apart (and has occasioned the employment of separate specific names), leaves no doubt, however, that eastern Asia has been a home to this species since prehistoric times. 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI sheets); A. Autheman 2217, Martiques, Dept. Bouches du Rhone, France, September, 1889 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Mus. V.); C. F. Baker 8, Auburn, Alabama, September 20, 1896 (N.Y.); R. Baron 99, Madagascar (Kew); H. C. Benke 236, Hutchinson, Kansas, Octo- ber 5, 1918 (Field) ; Biroli, ex herb, of (sub nom. B. fervida Hort. Er- furt, in herb. Collae, Tur., 2 sheets); F. Bracht, sterile fields, Verona, Italy (Mun.; Mus. V.); T. S. Brandegee, Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California, Mexico, October 4, 1899 (Calif.; N.Y.); J. R. Churchill, Bay-Head, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, August 24, 1892 (Gray); A. H. Curtiss, Bedford Co., Virginia, September, 1867 (Can.); idem 1499, dry, fertile soil, near Jacksonville, etc., Florida, September (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Brit.; Carn.); idem 4490, near Jacksonville, Florida, October 11, 1893 (N.Y.) ; idem 5221, eodem loco, October 1, 1894 (Mus. V.; N.Y.); idem 6013, cultivated ground, eodem loco, October 5, 1897 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; U .V '.) ; Bretschneider 385 and 386, Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China (Kew); idem 387, eodem loco (Berl.); John Bright, Glenshaw, Pennsylvania, September 5, 1912 (Cam.); J. B. Brinton, Wawa, Pennsylvania, August 29, 1888 (Penn.); S. W. Bushell, near Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China (Kew); W. M. Canby, "everywhere," Wilmington, Delaware (Can.); C. B. Clark 22115A, alt. 1,800 meters, Dalhousie, Kashmir, British East India, September 10, 1874 (Brit.}; Lady Dalhousie, alt. 2,250 meters, Simla, Himalayan region, British East India, September 3, 1831 (Kew); John Davis 8, New Albany, Indiana, September 15, 1909 (Mo.; forma fructibus iarcuatis B. Cynapiifoliae adpropinquans) ; C. Dawson 382, Valparaiso, Chile (Kew) ; De Sardagna, Trent, Tyrol (U.V.); L. H. Dewey 523, neglected lawn, Mt. Pleasant, District of Columbia, September 2, 1901 (Can.; Gray; Phila.); T. Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew) ; idem 192, eodem loco (Kew) ; G. A. Eifrick, Cumberland, Maryland, August (Carn.); Adolph Engler, above Mori (Tyrol) at foot of Monte Baldo, Italy, July, 1870 (Berl.); P. Eugene, Drome, France, June, 1871 (U.V.);F. Evrard 154, road from Saigon, mangrove 10 km. from the Cape, French Indo- China, October 21, 1820 (Calif.) ; D. Facchini 2040, Bozen (Botzen) and Roveredo and above Mori at Lake Garda, Tyrol (Berl.; Carn.; Gray; Mus. V.; Par.): Urbain Faurie 768, central Corea, Sep- tember 4, 1901 (Berl.); idem 1053, fields, Seoul, Corea, September, 1906 (Brit.); Andrea Fiori 382, alt. 23 meters, about Lake Superior, Mantua (Mantova), Italy, September 20, 1904 (Gray; Kew; U.V.); A. Fredholm 5991, waste ground, Okeechobee region, Brevard Co., Florida, September 9, 1903 (Gray); C. A. Geyer 47 and 529, Cahokia THE GENUS BIDENS 369 River, vicinity of East St. Louis, Illinois, September, 1841 (Mus.V.); H. A. Gleason 814, rich woods, Windsor, Illinois, August 30, 1899 (Gray) ; Asa Gray, Florida (Del., 2 sheets) ; J. M. Greenman 250, bank of Blackwater River, Hendricks, West Virginia, September 10, 1904 (Field); G. Gutteriberg, vicinity of Wheeling, West Virginia, September, 1878 (Carn.); Hoisted 35, New Brunswick, New Jersey, June, 1891 (N.Y.); A. A. Heller, Conestoga River, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, September 6, 1901 (Del.); J. M. Hildebrandt 3380a, among grass, Ambohitsi, Amber Mts., northern Madagascar, March, 1880 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew; Mus.V.); A. S. Hitchcock 736, open ground, Allen Co., Kansas, 1896 (Gray; Mo.; U.V.); Holz, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1831 (Mus. V.); J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson, Khasia, British East India (Gray); ex Hort. Cliff ortiano (Brit.); H. D. House 4003, alt. 1,200 meters, Pisgah Forest, Looking-glass Moun- tain, North Carolina, September 3, 1908 (Gray); M. E. Hyams, Statesville, North Carolina (Carn.); J. F. Joor, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, September 19, 1872 (Field); H. D. Keeler, vicinity of Mayport and Jacksonville, Florida, 1870-1876 (Carn.); Kerner, abun- dant at Mori, Tyrol (U.V.); idem, Bozen (Botzen), Tyrol (U.V.); Koch, ditches near Bozen, Tyrol, 1828 (Del.); Kotschy 79, at eastern foot of Mt. Arasch-Cool, Kordofan, September 30, 1839 (type collection of Bidens Kotschyi Schz. Bip. ex Walp.; Berl., 2 sheets; Del., 3 sheets; Mo.; Mun., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; Par.; U.V.); idem 91, eodem loco, August, 1837 (Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V.); A. B. Langlois, along fences in rich soil, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, July, 1882 (Barn.);LeW(md 330, French Guiana, 1792 (Del.); Lindheimer, Houston, Texas, October, 1842 (Gray; Kew); C. D. Lippencott, Swedesboro, New Jersey, September 10, 1892 (Phila.); J. C. Liu 1306, Prov. Chi-li, China, August 27, 1927 (Calif.) ; idem 1349, Wofossu, Western Hills, Prov. Chi-li, August 30, 1927 (Calif. ; nom. Sinorum, Kui Chen Ts'ao) ; F. E. Lloyd 162, flats, Hacienda de Cedro, Zacate- cas, Mexico, 1908 (U.S.); idem & S. M. Tracy 542, Biloxi, Mississippi, September 5, 1900 (N.Y.); Bayard Long 6912, Westville, New Jer- sey, September 22, 1911 (Phila.); Alexander MacElwee 1902, damp, shaded places near Overbrook, Pennsylvania, September 3, 1900 (Carn.) ; J. M. Macfarlane, Holly Beach, New Jersey, September 12, 1907 (Penn.); E. E. Maire, gardens, alt. 2,500 meters, plain of Tong- tchouan (Tong-tschwan), Prov. Yun-nan, China, September, 1912 (Del.; forma B. biternatae var. glabratae adpropinquans) ; B. Matthes 295, Kentucky (Mus. V.); G. 0. A. Malme 1456a, Quinta near Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, April 4, 1902 (Stockh.); W. R. 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Maxon 5966, moist bank by canal, near Cabin John, Maryland, October 10, 1912 (U.S.); Marie Meislahn 69, Clarcona, Florida, September 25, 1899 (U.S.); E. D. Merrill 4308, Bued River, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls., October-November, 1905 (Berl.); H. N. Mertz, Brooke Co., West Virginia, September 27, 1879 (Cam.) ; C. F. Millspaugh 791, Deckers Creek, Monongalia Co., West Vir- ginia, September 8, 1890 (N.Y.) ; C. J. Moser, Pennsylvania, August, 1832 (Mus. V.);G. V. Nash 2495, Lake City, Florida, August 29-31, 1895 (Berl.; Del.; Field; Kew; Petrop.; U.V.); Noe, Fiume, Italy (U.V.); Pailane 558, Cape St. Jacques, Cochin China, October 17, 1919 (Del.); Edward Palmer 782, the market, Zacatecas, State of Zacatecas, Mexico, 1898 (Gray); R. Pampanini, Conegliano, Vene- tia, Italy, September, 1903 (Flor.); A. S. Pease 8645, waste ground, alt. 275 meters, Bozen (Botzen), Tyrol, November 7, 1905 (Gray); Charles Pickering, near Bombay, India, 1844-1845 (Phila.; forma Bidenti biternatae adpropinquans) ; Eduard Poeppig, wet places, Tuscarora Mt., Pennsylvania, September, 1824 (Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V., 3 sheets); C.L. Pollard 688, Rock Creek, vicinity of Wash- ington, District of Columbia, September 15, 1895 (U.S.); T. C. Porter, Easton, Pennsylvania, October 3, 1887 (Field) ; G. N. Potanin, northern part of Prov. Szetschuan (Sze-chuan), China, July 14, 1885 (Berl.); idem, valley of River Toiho below Yhepu, Prov. Szetschuan, July 17, 1885 (N.Y.); idem, near Naitiha, Prov. Szetschuan, Sep- tember 11, 1885 (Mus. V.); (C.G. Pringle 534, from near Chihuahua, September 6, 1885, was formerly referred to this species but is now seen to be B. leptocephala;} Rafinesque, Cumberland Mts., Tennessee, etc., 1823 (Del., sub nom. Bidente bipinnatifida) ; J. Reverchon 2075, shaded ground, Dallas, Texas, September 13, 1900 (U.S.); 1 P. H. Rolfs 335, cultivated grounds, Lake City, Florida, September 14, 1894 (Field); F. Rugel, in ruderal places near Portsmouth, Virginia, September, 1840 (Del.; Mus. V.); idem, valley at Broad River, North Carolina, July, 1841 (Del.); idem 257, Florida, 1845 (Gray; U.S.); A. Ruth, damp soil, Knoxville, Tennessee, August, 1895 (Field); idem 600, rich woods, eodem loco, September, 1898 (N.Y.); P. A. Rydberg 8212, Roan Mt. Station, Tennessee, August 28, 1908 (N.Y.); Matth. Schreiber, St. Anton, near Bozen, Tyrol, September 20, 1909 (Mus. V.); idem 5091, banks of Talfer Brook, Gries near Bozen, Tyrol, September, 1908 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; U.V., 2 sheets); J. A. Shafer, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1 Here may be noted F. A. Rogers 25123, alt. 1,500 meters, Premier Mine, Pretoria, Transvaal (Kew), a form intermediate between B. bipinnata and B. biternata and possibly a hybrid. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XCVI BIDENS EXIGUA Sherff (figs, o-t) BIDENS DURANGINENSIS Sherff (figs, j-q) OP THE Of THE GENUS BIDENS 371 August 16, 1885 (Cam.); C. W. Short 50, banks of Ohio River, Fernbank, Ohio (Mus. V., 2 sheets); 0. Simony, edge of marshy brook, plain of Kalansije, Sokotra, January 14, 1899 (Mus. V.); P. Sintenis 1390, Peri at foot of Mt. Baldo, Italy, October 4, 1881 (Berl.; Del.; Gray; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.); J. K. Small, northeastern West Virginia, August 22, 1890 (Field); idem, alt. 630 meters, vicinity of Marion, Virginia, July 22-August 2, 1892 (Field); Louise M. Stabler, Port Chester, New York, August 25, 1887 (Gray) ; P. C. Standley 5373, alt. 900-1,500 meters, near Waynesville, North Carolina, August 31, 1910 (U.S.); idem 8514, vicinity of Springfield, Missouri, August 31, 1911 (U.S.) ; idem 8771, shaded bluffs, vicinity of Turner, Missouri, September 4, 1911 (U.S.); E. S. Steele, roadsides etc., vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 2, 1896 (Del.; U.V., 2 sheets); G. W. Stevens 2249, Neoslio River near Miami, Oklahoma, August 24, 1913 (Del.); Stolitzka, alt. 1,200- 3,000 meters, Prov. Kulu, Himalaya, India, September 7-20, 1864 (Mus. V.)',idem, India, 1866 (Mus. V.); R. Strachey & J. E. Winter- bottom 1, Mohaigari, Kumaon, Himalaya, India, 1848 (Kew); Tausch, cult, in garden (Lps., 2 sheets, sub nominibus Bidente Cicu- taefolia Tausch et Bidente Myrrhidifolia Tausch) ; C. W. Swan, Low- ell, Massachusetts, September 16, 1880 (N. Eng.); C. H. Thompson, French Village, Illinois, September 23, 1913 (Mo., forma capitulis gracilioribus, achaeniis paucioribus) ; Diomede Tuezkiewicz, vineyards at Le Vigan, France, August-September, 1859 (Mus. V.); Tweedie, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Kew); Wallich 298a, Nepal, India (type of Bid ens decomposita Wall, ex DC., Del.); idem 3188A, eodem loco (Brit.); C. Von Hepperger, Bozen (Botzen), Tyrol, 1860 (Gray); idem, eodem loco, September, 1864 (Mus. V.); Von Kellner, Verona, Italy (Mus. V.); J. Von Sterneck, Peschiera on Lake Garda, Italy, 1893 (Cop.); Warburg 7844, vicinity of Yokohama, Japan, November, 1887 (Berl.); Rosa B. Watson, Atlanta, Georgia, November, 1881 (Gray); P. J. White 25, Dewey Co., Oklahoma, July 17, 1900 (Mo.); H. N. Whitford 12, waste places, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Isl., New York, August, 1903 (Field) ; E. W. Williams, railroad embank- ment, Dedham, Massachusetts, October 2, 1898 (Gray); T. W. Williams, Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China, August, 1876 (Gray); idem 298, on hills, Peking, August, 1865 (Kew; forma B. biternatae adpro- pinquans); Percy Wilson, vicinity of New York, New York, Sep- tember 28, 1899 (N.Y.); E. 0. Wooton, Mesilla Valley, Dona Ana Co., New Mexico, October, 1895 (U.S., 2 sheets); Charles Wright 1234, New Mexico, 1851 (Gray) ; E. C. Wurzlow, damp, sandy soil, 372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI ditch bank in meadow, west of Houma, Louisiana, August 29, 1913 (N.Y.). Tausch (loc. cit.) had sought to distinguish among five forms cultivated in gardens under the name B. bipinnata. He described each form separately, retaining one as B. bipinnata and creating new names for the other four. B. Cicutaefolia Tausch and B. Myrrhidi- folia Tausch each is represented by one of his own cultivated specimens (Lps.) and is seen to be purely B. bipinnata (vide sub B. biternata). The meager description of B. tenuifolia Tausch matches B. bipinnata as far as it goes. A plate cited by Tausch, "Chrysanthe- mum cannabinum etc. Moris. Hist. 3: tab. 7, fig. 23," is of B. bipinnata and is so treated by DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 603. 1836) and 0. E. Schulz (Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. : 183. 1914). At Leipsic I failed to find an authentic specimen of B. tenuifolia. B. elongata Tausch appears likewise unrepresented by an authentic specimen to-day, but the description given by Tausch, as also his context, leaves no doubt as to the identity of B. elongata with B. bipinnata. The various specimens examined of Kotschy 79, the basis of Bidens Kotschyi, show mostly a variant of B. bipinnata in the direction of B. biternata var. glabrata; indeed, that at Kew (not the type) is very clearly B. biternata var. glabrata. J. D. Hooker (loc. cit.) reduced B. bipinnata to varietal rank under B. pilosa, a treatment not generally accepted by botanists since then. True it is that Trimens (Fl. Ceyl. 3: 41. 1895) and also Th. Cooke (Fl. Bombay Pres. 2: 44. 1904) regarded Hooker's "variety" as "scarcely worth distinction" from B. pilosa. But this was before the researches of 0. E. Schulz had placed B. pilosa, B. biternata, and B. bipinnata upon a firm footing as to definite fruiting and foliage characters. 1 Of Bidens bipinnata var. minor Memm. I have seen no authentic material. Memminger's description ("Very delicate, small, 10 cm. high, in dense shade on rocks"), however, leaves little doubt that 1 Cooke expressly cited Trimens' conclusion, agreeing with it. Trimens, in turn, doubtless was influenced by Hooker's grouping of B. bipinnata under B. pilosa. In view of the superficially intermediate leaves of B. biternata (B. Wal- lichii), a species very common in British East India, but erroneously equated by Hooker with B. bipinnata, it was only natural that Trimens should have felt that B. bipinnata equaled B. pilosa. Had he studied the fruiting characters as did O. E. Schulz later, he would have concluded otherwise. Curiously enough, Hooker, in publishing his work, relied here upon the erroneous treatment by C. B. Clarke (Comp. Ind. 141), as stated elsewhere (vide sub B. biternata). Clarke, at a later date, realized his own error and stated (on herb, label for H. Collett 816, Kew) that "B. Wallichii DC. [i.e. B. biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff] has the ray yellow (and smaller) as well as different leaves and is a good species. C. B. Clarke. May 1894." Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XCVII BIDENS PARVIFLORA Willd. (figs, a-g) BIDENS LEMMONII Gray (figs, h-n) THE GENUS BIDENS 373 the name was applied to plants that were mere temporary dwarfs because of conditions of the habitat. Bidens bipinnata var. /3. biternatoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 397. 1930. Folia pinnata foliolis lateralibus 3-4-jugis, imis tripartitis seg- mentis lanceolatis ceteris simplicibus lanceolatisque. Capitula dis- coidea vel subradiata. Involucri bracteae exteriores superne sensim vel interdum fere subabrupte dilatatae. Achaenia 2-aristata. Type specimen: Collected by Elmer Ottis Wooton, at altitude of 1,170 meters, in cultivated land, Las Cruces, New Mexico, October, 1895 (N.Y.). Distribution: New Mexico and western Texas. Specimens examined: Wooton, Las Cruces, New Mexico (type, N.Y.); Charles Wright 345, western Texas, 1849 (Del.). In its slightly dilated outer involucral bracts this variety makes an approach toward Bidens pilosa L. The general aspect of the plant is at once that of the South American B. subalternans DC. and of the Old World B. biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff, from both of which it differs sharply in its achenes. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIX, FIGS. l-S Bidens bipinnata: I, fruiting specimen, X0.67; m, exterior involu- cral bract, X4.02; n, interior involucral bract, X4.02; o, ray corolla, X4.02; p, palea, X4.02; q, disc floret, X4.02; r (outer), s (inner), achenes. X2.68; all from Curtiss 1499, in Hb. Field. 116. Bidens cylindrica Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 28. 1926. PL XCI, figs. g-l. Bidens pilosa var. pauciflora O. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 186. 1914 (nomen). Herba gracilis, erecta, 4-7 dm. alta; caule tetragono, glabro, ramoso, circ. 2-3 mm. diametro. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia 5-13 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis lanceolatis vel lateralibus ovatis, membranacea, serrata dentibus acriter apiculatis, margine ciliata, faciebus glabrata vel sparsissime adpresso-pilosa. Capitula ramos tenues plerumque nudos usque ad 13 cm. longos terminantia, plerumque subradiata, ad anthesin 4-5 (rarius -10) mm. alta et 3.5-4.5 (rarius -7) mm. lata, saepe cylindrica. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, lineares, apicem versus saepius angustatae, apice acutae, margine piloso-ciliatae, 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI faciebus glabrae vel sparsim hispidae, 3-8 mm. longae et 0.3-1 mm. latae; interiores lanceolatae, apice subacutae, paulo vel interdum multo longiores. Flores ligulati rudimentarii, albidi vel rosaceo- albidi, oblongo-obovati, apice subtruncati et circ. 3-dentati. Achaenia 6-12, linearia, tetragona, atra, glabra vel exteriora saepe hispida, corpore 1.2-1.6 mm. longa et 0.5-0.8 mm. lata, bi- vel triaristata aristis moderate tenuibus retrorsum hamosis 2.5-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Menyhart, No. 1110, not abundant, in shady places at St. Joseph, Boruma (Mburuma; Boroma; about 400-500 kilometers above Tete on Zambesi River), Northern Rho- desia, April, 1892 (U.V.). Distribution: From Boruma, Northern Rhodesia, southwestward up the Zambesi River to the District of Sebungwe (Sebungu), Southern Rhodesia; also north-northwestward to the Tschari (Schari, Shari, Chari) River, Tschad (Tchad, Chad) Lake region, some 3,000 kilometers distant. Specimens examined: Aug. Chevalier 2816, along the Tschari River, Tschad Lake region, Sudan, October 26, 1899 (Berl.); F. Eyles (cult, e seminibus ab R. W. Jackio lectis, alt. 750 meters, Distr. Sebungwe, Southern Rhodesia, November, 1920; Kew); ex Hort. Vindobon. (cult, e seminibus Menyhartii numeri 1110; U.V., 2 sheets) ; Menyhart 1110. (type, U.V.) ; Walter Robyns 2004, alt. 930 meters, border of sandy beach of Lake Moero, Pweto, Belgian Congo, April 18, 1926 (Bruss.; nom. indig., Kasokopia). The Chevalier specimen listed had been determined by 0. E. Schulz as his Bidens Engleri, and in fact was cited by him, as was also the nomen B. pilosa var. pauciflora, for that species at the time of his original description (Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl.: 186. 1914). Recently, I have been privileged to study not only Schulz's type of B. Engleri (Berl.), but also excellent specimens of duplicate material (Boiss.; Mus. V., etc.). These all agree in having plants of low stature (2-3 dm. high), the leaves practically all undivided, the heads discoid; the exterior involucral bracts only about 3 or 4, spatulate, serrulate-ciliate, 1-2 mm. long; the inner bracts 2-5 times as long, often rounded at apex; the'achenes all glabrous, parallel- sided through most of their length and thus oW BIDENS BITERNATA var. GLABRATA f. ABYSSTNICA (Schz. Bip.) Sherff OF THfc am EUITY w IUWOB THE GENUS BIDENS 379 56:494. 1913; ibid. 64: 30. 1917), Greene's error consisted in compar- ing the plant with the wrong species and then founding a new species upon the points of dissimilarity. His type material (0. B. Metcalfe 1436) is merely a low, rather much branched form of Bidens tenuisecta Gray, with the type of which it is connected by a number of the specimens cited above. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIII Bidens tenuisecta: a, b, fruiting specimens, X0.66; c, d, exterior involucral bracts, X3.94; e, f, interior involucral bracts, X3.94; g, ray corolla, X3.94; h, i, paleae, X3.94;;, k, disc florets, X5.91; I and m (outer), n and o (inner), achenes; a, d, f, g, i, k, m, o, from type; b, c, e, h, j, I, n, from Metcalfe 1436 (cotype of Bidens cognata Greene), in Hb. Field. 119. Bidens straminoides Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 22: 706. 1935. Herba annua, gracillima, 6-9 dm. alta, caule simplici aegre angulato glabro nonnullis internodiis 1-1.5 dm. longis. Folia petio- lata petiolis usque ad 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto tantum 2-3.5 cm. longa, plus minusve bipinnata, infra valde supra sparsim tomentoso- hispida, segmentis ultimis oblongis vel (superiorum) filiformibus. Capitula pauca (3), subcorymbose ad caulis apicem disposita pedicellis subsparsim pilosis subtenuibus 3-5 cm. longis, forsitan discoidea, demum circ. 1.4 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae subaequales extrinsecus pilis gracillimis albidis longis hispidae, exteriores circ. 4-6 elongato-lineares acutae circ. 5-7 mm. longae; interiores oblongo- ovatae. Flores ligulati non visi. Paleae nunc late nunc anguste oblongae, apice plus minusve obtusae. Achaenia atra, plana, lineari- oblonga, supra rarius angustata, marginibus ventreque valde tergo pluristriato aegre erecto-setosa setis e tuberculis ortis, corpore 7-8 mm. longa et 0.6-0.8 mm. lata, apice erecte setosa et biaristata aristis brunneis antrorso-hispidulis circ. 0.6-0.8 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by H. Scaetta, No. 2272, at altitude of about 1,850 meters, Mt. Bohanga, Ruanda District, German East Africa (Mus. Cong., 2 sheets). Distribution: Ruanda District, German East Africa. Specimens examined: Scaetta 2272 (2 type sheets, Mus. Cong.). The stems are especially elongate, nudate, and mostly less than 2 mm. thick, appearing when dry, therefore, more or less like straws. Apparently closest to Bidens paupercula, which differs in having more elongate achenial bodies, retrorsely barbed aristae, etc. 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 120. Bidens paupercula Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 158, pi. 12, figs. a-g. 1923. PI. XCIV. Bidens ciliata DeWild. Repert. Sp. Nov. 13: 203. 1914 (non B. cili- ata Hoffmgg. ex Fisch. et Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 6: 46. 1839). Herba annua, erecta, saepe gracillima; caule subtetragono sim- plici vel ramoso, 2-8 dm. alto, caule ramisque mine glabris nunc infra valde supra debiliter piloso-scabridis. Folia petiolata petiolis saepe alatis 0.8-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-10 cm. longa, pin- nata vel interdum bipinnatisecta; foliolis 3 vel 5, anguste linearibus vel etiam filiformibus, acutis, minute denticuloso-ciliatis et saepe sparse hispidis, 0.2-1.8 mm. latis et usque ad 5 cm. longis. Capitula tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 8-13 cm. longis, ad anthesin minima, pansa circ. 7 mm. lata et 6 mm. alta, subradiata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-9, reflexae vel reflexo-patentes, lineares, glabrae vel saepius setoso-ciliatae, apice acutae, primum (ad anthesin) circ. 2 mm. demum circ. 5-8 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, subglabrae vel apice saepe pubescentes, saepe paulo breviores. Flores ligulati rudimentarii, lutei, lineares, circ. 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia (circ. 8-15 in unico capitulo) recta, anguste linearia, obcompressa, exalata, supra medium sensim usque vel fere ad apicem angustata, atra vel atro-brunnea, adpresse erecto-setosa, utrinque manifeste 8-sulcata, corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa et 0.5-1.2 mm. lata, apice erecte setoso saepe dilatata et semper biaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis 1.2-2.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Ad. Stolz, No. 1442, in forest at altitude of 900 meters, Kyimbila, Nyassaland, July 22, 1912 (Berl., 2 sheets). Distribution: Nyassaland to southeastern Belgian Congo. Specimens examined: J. Bequaert 302, Elisabethville, Katanga, Belgian Congo, April 4, 1912 (Bruss., 2 type sheets of B. ciliata DeWild.); F. A. Rogers 10956, Elisabethville, Katanga, May, 1914 (Rog.); Stolz 1442 (type, Berl., 2 sheets: cotypes, Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.). Unlike most other African species of Bidens, this possesses close affinities with B. bipinnata L. and B. parviflora Willd. The type specimens were small plants, but the cotypes and other specimens later examined were much larger and better developed. From these and also from the more robust material collected by Rogers in the type locality, the original description has been amplified. B. ciliata Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CI V in n BIDENS ANDICOLA var. COSMANTHA f. BUCHT1ENII SherfT (figs, a-g) BIDENS PSEUDOCOSMOS Sherff (figs, h-n) 'J.BRMK Of THfc Of IllMttl THE GENUS BIDENS 381 DeWild. belongs here, but its name is dropped because of the earlier homonym B. ciliata Hoffmgg. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIV Bidens paupercula: a (fruiting) and h (flowering and fruiting) specimens, X0.63; 6, k, exterior involucral bracts, X3.75; c, I, interior involucral bracts, X3.75; d, ray corolla, X3.75; e, m, paleae, X2.5; /, n, disc florets, X3.75; g, o, achenes, X2.5; i, more highly divided, lower leaf, X0.63; j, small portion of stem, enlarged to show shape and pubescence, Xl.88; a-g, from type; h-o, from Bequaert 302 (2 type sheets of Bidens ciliata DeWild.), in Hb. Bruss. 121. Bidens heterosperma Gray, PI. Wright. 2: 90. 1853. PI. XCV, figs. i-o. Herba annua, gracilis, erecta, glabrata, 3-6 dm. alta, paniculato- ramosa; caule ramisque tenuissimis, plus minusve tetragonis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.3-1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-5 cm. longa, 1- vel 2-ternato-partita, interdum inconspicue denticulato-ciliata ; foliolis paucorum inferiorum juniorumque linearibus, 1-2 mm. latis, integris; foliolis reliquorum lineari-filiformibus, 0.5-1 mm. latis, integris. Capitula discoidea vel rariter subradiata ligulis flavis angustisque (circ. 4 mm. longis), pedunculata pedunculis tenuissimis 1-5 (-10) cm. longis; ad anthesin cylindrico-turbinata, tantum 3.5-5 mm. alta et 2-3 mm. lata. Involucrum sparsim hispidum vel sub- glabratum; bracteis exterioribus 3-5, anguste linearibus, demum 3-5 mm. longis, quam interioribus elliptico-lanceolatis paulo breviori- bus. Flores tubulosi pauci (plerumque 8-13), tantum circ. 1.5 mm. longi, 3 (rariter -5)-lobati. Achaenia linearia, glabra, tetragona vel tantum trigona, biaristata vel raro triaristata, plerumque nigra; interiora supra attenuata, 7-12 mm. longa, aristis 1-2.2 mm. longis; exteriora crassa, clavata, saepe rugosa, breviora, aristis brevibus saepe caducis. Type specimen : Cultivated in 1852 at Cambridge, Massachusetts, from seed obtained in 1851 near the Copper Mines in New Mexico by Charles Wright (Gray, 2 sheets). Distribution: Arizona and southernmost Colorado southward to the Territory of Baja California, and the states of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. Specimens examined : J. C. Blumer 3351, alt. 1,800 meters, open, eroding gravel slope, Manning Trail, Rincon Mts., Arizona, Sep- tember 13, 1909 (Berl.; Gray) ; Miss L. L. Donnelly, alt. 1,830 meters, 382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Cananea, Sonora, September 1, 1909 (Calif.); E. L. Greene 461, Pinos Altos Mts., New Mexico, September 16, 1880 (Kew); F. H. Knowl- ton 157, alt. 2,520 meters, Walker Lake, San Francisco Mt., Arizona, September 1, 1889 (Gray) ; J. B. Leiberg 5893, alt. 2,000 meters, near Kendrick Mts., Arizona, August 27, 1901 (U.S.); J. G. Lemmon, Ramsey's Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, September, 1882 (Calif.) ; E. A. M earns 2218 pro parte, canyon, east side of San Luis Mts., Chihuahua, September 11, 1893 (U.S.; cf. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 56, No. 1: 89, stat. 18. 1907); G. C. Nealley 220, alt. 2,250 meters, Rincon Mts., Arizona, 1891 (U.S.); C. G. Pringle 1288, foothills of the Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, September 24, 1887 (Boiss.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Phila.; U.V.); idem 1289, rocky hills near Guerrero, Chihuahua, September 12, 1887 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Kew; Phila.); idem 1637, base of Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, October 8, 1888 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V., 2 sheets); idem 11487*4 alt. 2,400 meters, lava fields near Eslaba, Federal District, Mexico, September 17, 1903 (Berl.; Kew) ; Ira L. Wiggins & D. Demaree 4882, alt. 2,200 meters, under pines about margins of meadow, La Encan- tada, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico, September 18, 1930 (Stanf.) ; (ex seminibus lectis a) Charles Wright, New Mexico, 1851 (et cult, in Horto Cantabriginensi, 1852; type material, Gray, 2 sheets). .EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCV, FIGS, i-o Bidens heterosperma: i, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.7; ;', exterior involucral bract, X3.5; k, interior involucral bract, X3.5; I, palea, X3.5; m, disc floret, X3.5; n (outer), o (inner), achenes, X3.5; all from one (my No. "II" on sheet) of two type sheets. 122. Bidens exigua Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 89, pi. 11, figs. a-/'. 1920. PL. XCVI, figs. a-i. Herba annua, usque ad circ. 4.5 dm. alta; caule ramisque tenuis- simis, glabratis, striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-5 cm. longa, membranacea, glabra, bipinnata; foliolis 3 vel 5, saepius 3-5-partitis; lobis linearibus, integris, subob- tusis, infirme apiculatis. Capitula pauca, discoidea vel subradiata, pauciflora, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 2-5 cm. longis, ad anthesin 5-6 mm. longa et infra 1.5-2 mm. supra 2-3 mm. lata; cum fructibus usque ad 1.6 cm. longa et usque ad 0.5 (rariter ad 1) cm. lata. Involucrum basi sparsim hispid am vel glabratum; bracteis exterioribus 4-7, linearibus, 2-3 mm. longis, ciliatis, ad faciem glabris vel pubescentibus, ad apicem induratis; interioribus dimidio longi- Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CII BIDENS PILOSA L. (figs, a, 6, e-j); var. MINOR (Bl.) Sherff (figs, c, d, k-r) THE GENUS BIDENS 383 oribus, glabratis, lanceolatis, striatis, margine diaphanis. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, glabra vel supra ad angulos remote hispida, atra, facie unaquaque 2-sulcata, corpore 8-14 mm. longa, bi- vel triaristata, aristis usque ad 3 mm. longis, retrorsum hamosis hamis tenuibus. Type specimen: Collected by Charles H. T. Townsend, No. 1513, at altitude of 1,607 meters, in Chosica Canyon, Peru, April 20, 1913 (U.S.). Distribution: Central and southern Peru, near the coast, and southeastward into northern Argentina. Specimens examined : J. F. Macbride 2873, alt. about 900 meters, dry, sandy, rocky slope, Chosica, Peru, March 11-13, 1923 (Field) ; idem 3209, alt. about 2,100 meters, stony slopes, shale and gravel, Huanuco, Peru, April 5-8, 1923 (Field ); Ludwig Savatier 570, Matu- cana, Peru, April 22, 1877 (Par.); F. Schickendantz 16, Yacatula (near Bele"n), Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, December, 1879 (Berl., ex herb. Hieronymi; nom. vernac., amor seco); Townsend 1513 (type, U.S.); A. Weberbauer 5293, alt. 1,500-1,600 meters, San Bartolome", Peru, April 4, 1910 (Berl.); idem 7401, alt. 2,200-2,300 meters, open, mixed formation, Torata, Prov. Moquegua, Peru, March 17-18, 1925 (Field). Related to Bidens subalternans through the latter's var. simulans, which in doubtful cases seems best distinguished by its broader leaf divisions. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCVI, FIGS. 0,-i Bidens exigua: a, entire young flowering plant, X0.57; b, sub- fruiting head, X0.57; c, d, exterior involucral bracts showing varia- tion in pubescence, X4.56; e, interior involucral bract, X4.56; /, palea, X4.56; g, disc floret, X4.56; h (outer), i (inner), achenes, X4.56; all from type. 123. Bidens parviflora Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 848. 1809. PL XCVII, figs, a-flf. Bidens macrosperma H. G. ex Fischer, Cat. Jard. PL Razoum. Gorenki 59. 1808; ed. 2. 37. 1812 (nomen). Bidens pauciflora Poir. in Lam. & Poir. Diet. Bot. Suppl. 1: 630. 1810. Bidens multifida Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3. 186. 1829; nomen. Bidens Messerschmidii Turcz. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 602. 1836. Herba annua, erecta, glabrata vel hinc inde sparsim hispida, gracilis vel rarius subrobusta, 2-7 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis 384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 0.5-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-13 cm. longa, 2-3-pinnata, segmentis linearibus vel oblongo-linearibus, membranaceis, subacriter calloso-apiculatis, marginibus involutis obsolete ciliatis, 1-4 (rarius -8) mm. latis. Capitula tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis plerumque circ. 4-6 cm. longis, discoidea, ad anthesin cylindrica, 7-10 mm. alta et circ. 3 mm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineares, acutae et indurato-apiculatae, tergo subglabrae, margine sparsim spinuloso-ciliatae, demum reflexo-patentes et 5-11 mm. longae, quam interiores late oblongo-lineares demum multo breviores. Flores tubulosi 4-lobati; paleis valde membranaceis, demum elongatis et corporibus achaeniorum etiam interiorum saepe fere aequalibus. Achaenia 6-13, odorata (ex Messerschm.), atra, linearia, utrinque attenuata, plus minusve tetragona, erecto-setosa praecipue supra, omnino 16-24-striata, corpore 1.5-2 cm. longa et 0.7-1.4 mm. lata, biaristata aristis erectis, retrorsum hamosis, 2-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected at Lake Baikal, Siberia (Willd.). Distribution: Lake Baikal region of Siberia eastward to Amur and eastern Manchuria and southward to central China (provinces of Szetschuan, Hupeh, etc.), Corea, and Japan. Specimens examined: Anon., Transbaikal region, Siberia (Mus. V.); anon., Lake Baikal, Siberia (Willd., type); anon., Usuri (Ussuri), southeastern Manchuria (Berl.; Mus. V.); Bretschneider, Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China (Berl.); idem 388, Peking (Kew); Y. Chen 701, alt. 960 meters, Hsien Shan Hsien, western Hupeh, China, September 17, 1926 (Calif.); N. H. Cowdry 895, dry roadsides, Chi-fu (Chefoo), Prov. Shan-tung, China, June-August, 1920 (Kew); 0. Debeaux 91, mica schist hills, Chi-fu (Tche-fou), China, September 2, 1860 (Par.); E. Farber, mountains, vicinity of Chi-fu (Tschi-fu), China, 1889 (Berl., 2 sheets; Cop.; Par.; U.V.); Farges 81, China (Par., 2 sheets); Urbain Faurie 419, common, Fusan, Corea, October 4, 1901 (Berl.; Par.); idem 420, in fields, Chinampo, Corea, September 12, 1901 (Berl.; Brit.; Par.); idem 1052, in fields, Chinampo, Sep- tember 8, 1906 (Berl.; Brit.); idem 1916, Shinano, Japan, September 15, 1898 (Berl.; Kew; U.V.); Giuseppe Giraldi 272, northern Shen-Si (Chen-Si), China, September 18, 1891 (Berl.; Flor.); idem 2894, Mt. Ki-fon-San, near Pao-Ki-Scen, northern Shen-Si, October, 1898 (Flor.); idem 2895, In-Kia-pu (In-kio-po), northern Shen-Si, August, 1896 (Berl.; Flor.); idem 2896, hill near Fu-kio, northern Shen-Si, June, 1893 (Flor.); idem 2897, hill near Fu-kio, northern Shen-Si, October, 1894 (Berl.; Flor.); Aug. Henry 2875, Prov. Hupeh, China, 1885-1888 (Brit.; Gray; Kew; Par.); idem 4791, I-chang, THE GENUS BIDENS 385 Patung Distr., Prov. Hupeh, China (Kew); idem 7011, Prov. Hupeh, 1885-1888 (Berl., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew); Hugh 24, China, August, 1897 (Brit.); H. E. M. James, Kirin to Tsitsihar, Manchuria, communic. June, 1887 (Kew); F. Karo (Plantae Amuricae) 160, Blagowjestschensk (Blagovestchensk), Amur, Siberia, August, 1898 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets); idem 1534, eodem loco, September, 1905 (Brit.); Vladamir Komarov 1534, near Ta-moudan, Prov. Kirin, Manchuria, September 8, 1896 (Berl.; Brit.; Flor.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets); idem (similiter numerat.) 1534, Jalu-dsian River, about Kazami, northern Corea, September 21, 1897 (Kew) ; 5. Krug 73 and 73a, Forestry Garden, Tsingtau, Kiao-chau region, Prov. Shan-tung, China, September 15, 19.05 (Berl.); idem 185, Lehis Mts., China, September 15, 1906 (Berl.); idem (Imperial Forestry Office of Tsingtau) 433, Lauschen Mts., August-September, 1910 (Berl.); J. C. Liu 1413, alt. about 900 meters, hillside, Kalgan, Prov. Chi-li, China, September 9, 1927 (Calif.; nom. Sinorum, Kui chen Ts'ao; hoc nomine Bidens bipinnata similiter apellatur); Maximowicz (iter secundum), upper Usuri, southeastern Manchuria, 1860 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cop.; Flor.; Gray; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.); Jar din de Montpelier, specimen cult, e seminibus a Fischero communicatis (itaque pro Bidente macrosperma Fisch. probabiliter dignum; Del.); Nebel, moun- tain slopes, Tsingtau, Kiao-chau (Kiautschou) region, Prov. Shan- tung, China, 1899-1900 (Berl.); 1 G. N. Potanin, in road, Paiho River below She-pu, northern Szetschuan (Sze-chuan), China, July, 1885 (Par.); idem, Distr. Naitiha, Szetschuan, September 11, 1885 (Kew; Par.); A. Provost 34, Kou-pe'i-Ke'ou, China, September, 1891 (Par., 3 sheets); J. Ross 137, Prov. Sching-King, northern China (Kew); idem 286, Kaichow to Kinchow, northern China (Kew); Schottmuller 349, Chi-fu (Chefoo), Prov. Shan-tung, China, August, 1861 (Berl.); ex herb. Schumacheri, cult, in Hort. Hafniae, ann. 1808, sub nom. B. macrosperma (Cop., 2 sheets); C. Silvestri 2556, Mt. Ku-cheng (Ku-tcen), alt. 600 meters, Prov. Hupeh, China, July- August, 1906 (Flor.); idem 2557, Mt. Triora, alt. 1,950 meters, Prov. Hupeh, China, July 3, 1907 (Flor.); idem 2558, Mt. Kian- Scian, alt. 2,000 meters, Prov. Hupeh, China, September, 1907 (Flor., 3 sheets); Don Giovanni Tsan, Pouoli, northern Shen-Si, China (Flor.); George Staunton, China (Del.); idem, between Peking and Jehol, Prov. Chi-li, China (Brit.); Turczaninow, Transbaikal 1 The "B. chinensis W." specimen from "China" ex Herb. Petrop., cited by DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 602. 1836) for B. parviflora, is B. bipinnata L. 386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI region, Siberia (Kew); idem, on rocks at Selenga and elsewhere, Transbaikal region, Siberia, 1829 (cum inscript. "Bidens Messer- schmidii mihi Ammann. descript. pag. 148;" Del., 2 sheets; Oxf.); idem 1232, iisdem locis, 1831 (Del.); Wawra (Circumnav. H. M. Frigate Donau) 1232, Chi-fu (Chefoo), Prov. Shan-tung, China, 1868-1871 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); F. W. Williams 16052, Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China, September, 1867 (Brit.). A species not easily confused with any other Asiatic species. Known to Messerschmid as early as 1739 (or earlier), 1 it was not properly published until 1809. In that year Willdenow gave a technical description of it, citing as an equivalent the name B. macrosperma Fisch., which had been published without description in 1808. I have seen very old-looking sheets of material (e.g., Mus. V.) with merely the name macrosperma on the label and these match perfectly the Willdenow specimens (Willd.) of B. parviflora. Poiret's private specimen of B. pauciflora Poir. (Par.) likewise matches the Willdenow specimens. Desfontaines' B. multifida was merely a nomen, listed as being one used at the Paris Botanical Garden, and was equated by Desfontaines himself with B. pauciflora Poir. Certain very old- looking sheets of material labeled Bidens multifida Desf., still extant in herbaria (e.g., Mus. V.) are, furthermore, merely B. parviflora Willd. Turczaninow's original specimen of his B. Messerschmidii is in the DeCandpllean Prodromus Herbarium (Del.) and likewise is B. parviflora Willd. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCVII, FIGS, a-fif Bidens parviflora: a, fruiting specimen, X0.68; b, exterior invo- lucral bract, X3.41; c, interior involucral bract, X3.41; d, palea, X3.41; e, disc floret (4-lobed), X3.41;/, pollen grains, X272; g, achene, X2.72; a, g, from Poiret's own specimen (type of Bidens pauciflora Poir.) in hb. Poir. in hb. Moquin-Tandon in hb. Cosson in Hb. Par. ; b-f, from identical material on the Bernhardi herbarium sheet, in Hb. Mo. 124. Bidens Lemmonii Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 297. 1884. PI. XCVII, figs. h-n. Herba annua, gracilis, erecta, glabra, 2-3 dm. alta; caule tenui, plerumque purpurascenti, paniculato-ramoso. Folia tenuiter petio- lata petiolis plerumque 0.8-1.7 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-4 cm. 1 B. Daurica, saxatilis, foliis Apii v. Cicutae magis, flore luteo, nudo, semine Scandicis instar longissimo, odorato; [etc. ]. . .Messerschmid in Amman. Stirp. Rar. Imp. Ruthen. Icon, et Descript. 148. 1739. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate GUI BIDENS PILOSA var. RADIATA Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) BIDENS TENERA O. E. Schulz (figs, i-o) OF THt UNIVERSITY Of IttWW THE GENUS BIDENS 387 longa, minute ciliata, irregulariter biternata, segmentis linearibus, non serratis, apice acutis, plerumque 0.5-1 mm. (in speciminibus parvis saepe 3.5-4.5 mm.) latis. Capitula discoidea, tenuiter pedun- culata pedunculis 1-6 (-9) cm. longis; ad anthesin subcylindrica et tantum 3-5 mm. alta et 1-2 mm. lata (bracteis exterioribus non inclusis). Involucrum glabratum vel sparsim hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 3 vel 4, demum tenuiter linearibus, membranaceis, ciliatis, longissimis (1-2.5 cm.), plerumque foliaceis et saepe irregu- lariter pinnato- vel etiam bipinnato-partitis (segmentis linearibus); interioribus demum oblongo-lanceolatis, 6-8 mm. longis. Flores tubulosi 5-9, tantum circ. 1.5 mm. longi, plerumque 3-lobati. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, rufo-badia, glabra, corpore 1.2-1.4 cm. longa, biaristata, interiora supra attenuata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, circ. 2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by John Gill Lemmon, Apache Pass (Fort Bowie) , Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, September, 1881 (Gray) . Distribution: Southern Arizona southward into Lower (Baja) California and the State of Mexico, Mexico. Specimens examined : T. S. Brandegee, Sierra de San Francisquito, Lower California, October, 1890 (Field; Phila.); idem, La Chuparosa, Lower California, October 16-17, 1893 (Calif. ; Kew) ; idem, Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California, October 2, 1899 (Calif. ; Field) ; idem 321, San Francisquito Mts., Lower California, October 20, 1890 (Calif.); J. G. Lemmon, Apache Pass (Fort Bowie), Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881 (type, Gray: cotype, Field); idem 334, vicinity of Fort Huachuca, southern Arizona, 1882 (Gray) ; idem et uxor, Helen's Dome, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881 (Carn.; Brit.; Calif. ; Kew) ; iidem 334, peak south of Apache Pass, Arizona, Sep- tember, 1881 (Calif.); C. G. Pringle 6477, alt. 2,550 meters, Sierra de Ajusco, Federal Distr., Sept. 8, 1896 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Can.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem 11489, alt. 2,400 meters, lava fields near Eslava, Federal Distr., September 17, 1903 (Berl.; Cop.; Field; Kew). The 3 or 4 outer involucral bracts are very long (1-2.5 cm.), commonly foliaceous, and often irregularly pinnate- or bipinnate- parted, this last character being unusual for the genus. Another exceptional character is the 3-lobed limb of the disc corollas. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCVII, FIGS, h-n Bidens Lemmonii: h, entire small fruiting plant, X0.68; i, leaf from larger specimen showing extreme of decompound habit, X0.68; 388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI j, exterior involucral bract (of simple kind ; the compound kind often found on this species here omitted), X4.77; k, interior involucral bract, X4.77; I, palea, X4.77; m, disc floret (atypic in having 4 instead of for this species the usually 3 corolla teeth), X4.77; n, achene, X2.72; all from type sheet (which bears one small and one large specimen). 125. Bidens capillifolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 24. 1917. PL XCVIII. Herba tenuis, annua, +3 dm. alta, ramosa, glabra (vel basibus ramorum hispida); caule et ramis subteretibus, striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.6-1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-6 cm. longa, 1-2-pinnata; segmentis linearissimis, margine integris, 0.5-1 mm. latis. Capitula terminalia, discoidea, longe et tenuiter pedunculata, pedunculis 4-15 cm. longis. Involucrum basi plus minusve setoso- hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 3-5, linearibus, glabris vel sparsim hispidis, 6-8 mm. longis, primo discum juvenem multo excedentibus; interioribus anguste lanceolatis, glabris vel sparsim hispidis, margine diaphanis, 4-6 mm. longis. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis; 1-3 exteriora rufo-badia, sparsim tuber- culato-hispida, corpore circ. 6 mm. longa; interiora nigra (nisi ad apicem), elongata, glabra vel supra remote hispida, corpore 9-14 mm. longa. Type specimen : Collected by Charles Melvin Barber and Charles Henry Tyler Townsend,, Sierra Madre, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, July 17, 1899 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Sierra Madre, State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Specimens examined: Barber & Townsend, Sierra Madre, Chihua- hua (type, U.S.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCVIII Bidens capillifolia: a, subflowering and fruiting spray, X0.69; b, exterior involucral bract, X4.16; c, interior involucral bract, X4.16; d, palea, X4.16; e, disc floret, X5.54;/, achene, X2.77; all from type. 126. Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff in Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 293. 1929. PL XCIX, figs, a and c-^m. Bidens pilosa L. var. /3. L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 2: 534. 1767; Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 610. 1774. Coreopsis biternata Lour. Fl. Cochinch. ed. 1. 508. 1790; ibid. ed. 2. 622. 1793. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CIV BIDENS PILOSA var. BIMUCRONATA (Turcz.) O. E. Schulz (figs, o-i) BIDENS ACUTICAULIS Sherff (figs, j-r) OF THt UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 389 Bidens chinensis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1719 (quoad synonyma et herb. Willd. num. 15023, fol. 4). 1804. Bidens peduncularis Gaud. Voy. Freyc. Bot. 464. 1826. Actinea biternata (Lour.) Spreng. Syst. 3: 474. 1826. Bidens Wallichii DC. Prodr. 5: 598. 1836. Bidens Wallichii var. bimensis Miquel, Fl. Nederl. 2: 78 (ex descript. et patria). 1856. Bidens pilosa var. /3. Wallichii (DC.) C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 141. 1876. Bidens pilosa var. /3. discoidea f. 4. subbiternata 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 322 (quoad pi. Birmam, fide 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 179. 1914). 1891. Bidens Robertianifolia LeVl. & Vant. in Fedde Repert. Nov. Spec. 8: 140. 1910. Bidens chinensis f. simplicifolia 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 181. 1914. 1 Bidens Mayebarai Kitamura, Compos. Nov. Japon. 21. 1931. Folia foliolis imis plerumque bipinnata; achaeniis corpore demum 0.7-2 cm. longis B. biternata sensu stricto. Folia rarius bipinnata; achaeniis corpore demum usque ad 2.5 cm. longis. Caulis glaber, foliolis plus minusve glabris, involucre plus minusve piloso var. /3. glabrata sensu stricto. Caulis pilosus tomentoso-hirtusve, foliolis dense tomentoso-pilosis vel subhirtis, involucre plerumque dense hirto. var. glabrata f. 1. abyssinica. Herba annua, erecta, 0.3-1.5 m. alta; caule tetragono, oliva- ceo-brunneo, glabro sed ad nodos pilosulo, ramis erecto-patentibus ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis pilosulis 1.5-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 dm. longa, membranacea, utrinque disperse pilosa, cili- ata, serrata, pinnatim partita (rarissime indivisa); foliolo terminal! oblongo-ovato vel etiam lanceolato, ad apicem acuminate, ad basim 1 We may note also Bidens elevata Solander mss. (PL Nov. Hollandiae vol. 2 in Herb. Brit.). This apparently has never hitherto been published. It is accom- panied with the synonyms Agrimonia molucca Rumph. Amb. 6. p. 38, pi. 15, fig. 2; Bidens pilosa 0. , L. Sp. PI. Thus, ex synon., it reduces to B. biternata. In addition, the following pre-Linnean synonyms are presented, as being of considerable importance in the nomenclatural history of the species: Chrysanthe- mum chinense foliis plurifariam divisis Halicacabi peregrini aemulis Pluk. Phytogr. pi. 22, fig. 4 (excl. synon.). 1691; idem, Almag. Bot. 100 (exd. synon.). 1696; Agri- monia molucca Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 6: 38, pi. 15, fig. 2. 1750. 390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI cuneatim angustato, 2-5.5 cm. longo et 1-2 cm. lato; foliolis laterali- bus 2-4 jugis, terminal! proximis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, breviter decurrentibus; sequentibus majoribus, breviter petiolulatis; infimis manifeste petiolulatis, rursus partitis segmentis lateralibus ovatis sessilibus uni- vel subbijugis. Capitula subradiata, ad anthesin minuta, 5-7 mm. lata et 4-6 mm. alta, 20-30-flora, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-7 cm. longis. Involucrum basi glanduloso- pilosum; bracteis exterioribus 7-10, anguste linearibus et non superne spathulato-dilatatis, acutis vel subacutis, hirsutis, 3-6 mm. longis; bracteis interioribus ovato-lanceolatis vel late ellipticis, sub apice subito angustatis in apiculum puberulum, marginibus late hyalinis, plerumque exteriores paulo superantibus. Flores ligulati plerumque 3, albidi, steriles, ligula oblongo-elliptici, apice circ. 3-crenata, circ. 4 mm. longi, nullo stylo. Achaenia linearia, subattenuata, pro maxima parte nigrescentia, apice aristisque flavido-brunnea, erecta vel subrecurvata, paleas manifeste superantia, obcompresso-tetra- gona, glabra vel (praecipue exteriora) superne setis erecto-patentibus hispida, longitudinaliter omnino 8-sulcata, corpore 0.7-2 cm. longa, plerumque 4-, raro 3- vel 5-aristata, aristis retrorsum hamosis lateralibus 2.5-3.5 mm. longis mediis 2-2.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Said by Loureiro to have grown in fields near Canton, China (see text). Distribution: Widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere: Japan, Corea, and Manchuria, southward through all China to French Indo-China, Siam, and Malay Peninsula, westward through British India and Afghanistan to Arabia; Liu-kiu Islands, Chusan Islands, Philippine Islands, etc.; Malaysia (Borneo, Java, etc.), Melanesia (Molucca Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, etc.), Polynesia (Fiji Islands, Tonga or Friendly Islands, etc.); Australia; in Africa from northernmost German East Africa, southern Sudan and Portu- guese West Africa south to Natal and German Southwest Africa; off the African coast (islands of Sokotra, Madagascar, Reunion [Bourbon], Cape Verde, Madeira, etc.) ; adventive in 1859 in southern France (Tuezkiewicz 3118). Specimens examined : J. E. T. Aitchison 660 and 982, open, stony ground, Shalizan, Kurrum Valley, Afghanistan, 1879 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew); anon., Tokyo, Japan, October 3, 1893 (U.V. ; nom. japonicum, sendan-gusa) ; C. A. Backer 18215, alt. 10 meters, Poeger, Java, 1914 (Buit.); idem 20605, Madoera Isl., Dutch East Indies, 1915 (Buit.); F.Bachmann, Pondoland, southeastern Africa, April, 1888 (Berl.); idem 1586, eodem loco, 1887-1888 (Berl.); Balansa 910, near Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CV 1 f BIDENS PILOSA var. BIMUCRONATA f. ODORATA (Cav.) Sheril Of Of THE GENUS BIDENS 391 Quang-yen, Tonkin (Tongking), French Indo-China, August, 1885 (Par.); Banks & Solander, New Holland (Australia), 1770 (Berl.); R. Baron, Madagascar (Berl.); J- Bermejos 177 (Bur. Sc. No. 345), Palawan, Philippine Isls. (Berl.; Man.; U.S.); James Bisset, Yoko- hama, Japan, October, 1876 (Kew); R. P. Bodinier, Hongkong, China (Par.); Boivin 155, Reunion, 1846-1852 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Par.; forma var. glabratae f. abyssinicae adpropinquans) ; ex Bot. Instil., Science College, Imper. Univ. Tokyo, ex Prov. Musashi, Japan, September 23, 1885 (U.V.; nom. japonicum, sendan-gusa) ; Bret- schneider 1887, mountains west of Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China, 1881 (Brit., 2 sheets; forma valde5. bipinnatae adpropinquans); R. Brown 2121, Australia, 1802-1805 (Kew); Burmann 180, Japan (Del.); R. Buttner 106, San Salvador, Angola, January 8, 1885 (Berl.); J. Cardoso 95, Cape Verde Isls., 1895 (Kew); L. Chanet 99, Cheng- ting-fu (Tcheng Ting Fau), Prov. Chi-li, China, September 3, 1905 (Del., 2 sheets) ; Cheo & Wilson 241 (Hb. Univ. Nanking No. 12887), roadside, Mo Kan Shan, Prov. Che Kiang, China, September 7, 1926 (Gray); Aug. Chevalier 9787, L'Oubangui (Mbanga) and Chari, Sudan, September 9-10, 1903 (Del.); C. B. Clarke 223745, alt. 1,800 meters, Dalhousie, India, September 13, 1874 (Brit.); idem 248235, alt. 1,200 meters, Parasnath, India, November 18, 1874 -(Brit.); Cole 48, Madras, India (Kew); H. Cunning 593, Philippine Isls. (Berl.); idem 594, eodem loco (Berl.; Brit.; Del.); idem 596, eodem loco (Mus. V.); Lady Dalhousie, Simla, India, September 2 (Del.); R. P. David 15, plains of Petcheli and mountains north of Peking, Prov. of Chi-li, China, 1863 (Par., 3 sheets; forma foliis valde bipin- natifidis, lobis acutis, B. bipinnatae adpropinquans; forsan hybrida?) ; idem 21, environs of Peking, 1865 (Par.; forma Davidii numero 15 aequalis); Delavay 603, Tapintze, southern Ten-tchouan, China, September 7, 1882 (Par.) and September 22, 1887 (Par.); M. & Mme. Dieterlen 866, Leribe\ Basouto-(Basuto-) land, southeastern Africa (Berl.); Dinter 11-18, in grassy places, Okanhandja (Okan- jande), German Southwest Africa, March 19, 1906 (Berl., 2 sheets); J. R. Drummond 25726, Karnal Jungle, Punjab, India, August 28, 1886 (Kew); idem 25727, Karnal-Ghogripur, Punjab, August 12, 1886 (Kew); Eberhart 2568, Hoi-mit, French Indo-China (Par.); idem 33386is, Than-moi, Prov. Langson (Lang Son), French Indo- China (Par.; nom. indig., cay-nu-ao); M. P. Edgeworth, northwestern India, 1844 (Kew) ; R. Endlich 77a, alt. 1300 meters, Kiboquoto, east- ern Africa, July, 1909 (Mun.);*dm 557, alt. 1,100 meters, on the Ki- kafu, Kilimanjaro, German East Africa, August, 1909 (Berl.; Mun.); 392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI F. Evrard, Tsien, Manchuria, 1891 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 154, near Saigon, French Indo-China, October 21, 1920 (Par.); idem 225, Dalat, French Indo-China (Par.); E.Faber, Shanghai, China, 1886 (Berl., 2 sheets); U. Faurie 2Wbis, wet places, Tamsui, Formosa, May 22, 1903 (Brit.; Mus. V.); idem 416, common in wet, sandy places, Corea, July 23, 1901 (Berl.; Brit.; Par.); idem 418, common in fields of central Corea, September 6, 1901 (Berl.; Par.); idem 845, Korisho, Formosa, March, 1914 (Del.); idem 847, alt. 750 meters, Arisan, Formosa, June, 1914 (Del.); idem 1053, in fields, Seoul, Corea, September, 1906 (Berl.; Del.); idem 1917, Prov. Shinano, Japan, September 15, 1898 (Berl.; Kew; U.V.); Fischer 4, Otjimbingue, Use, German Southwest Africa, 1897 (Berl.); Forster, Tongatabu (Tongataboo), Tonga Isls. (Kiel, sub nom. Bidente pilosa Forst. Prodr.); E. E. Galpin 1332, alt. 570 meters, Sheba Battery, Kaap Valley, Barbarton, Transvaal, March, 1891 (Kew); Gaudichaud (Voyage of iheBonite), Macao, Prov. Kwang-tung, China, 1836-1837 (Par.); A. Germain 109, Cochin-China (Par.); L. S. Gibbs 2724, British North Borneo, January, 1910 (Kew) ; Giuseppe Giraldi 273, Pe-ling Mts., northwestern China, October, 1894 (Berl.); idem 2899, Ko-tu-pa, southern Shen-si, China, July, 1895 (Berl.); G. W. Groff, around fruit trees, Sun Ooi, Lai Ngok Village, Canton Delta, Kwangtung Prov., March 18, 1918 (Calif.; nom. incolarum, Kam p'un ngan chan) ; H. Hallier, San Ramon, Prov. Zamboanga, Min- danao, Philippine Isls., February, 1904 (Man.); H. G. Hallier 27, cult, in Horto Bogoriensi, Buitenzorg, Java, March 27, 1893 (Boiss. ; Man.); Hana 298, Hongkong, China, (Gray); Harmand, Poulo- Condor Isls., French Cochin-China, 1875-1877 (Par.); Aug. Henry 388, Prov. Hupeh, China, 1885-1888 (Berl., type ofBidens chinensis f . simplicifolia 0. E. Schulz) ; idem 2086, alt. 300 meters, Ape's Hill, Formosa (Kew; forma capitulis foliisque minimis); idem 2491, Ichang, Patung Distr., Prov. Hupeh, China (Kew; forma foliis Bidenti segetum subsimilis); idem 2794, Ichang and vicinity, 1885-1888 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Par.); idem 8574, Hainan Isl., China, 1889 (Par.); idem 8269, eodem loco, November, 1889 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss., sub num. 8769); ex herb. Heynei 299c, India (Del.); Fr. Hens 286, alt. 480-600 meters, Lutete, Belgian Congo, April 1, 1888 (Boiss.; U.V.); ed. R. F. Hohenacker 276, near Mangalor, India (Del.; Mus. V.); idem 1355, Khoondas, Nilgiri Hills, India, December (Del, 2 sheets); C. Hoist 2908, alt. 50 meters, Amboni, Distr. Usam- bara, German East Africa, June 24, 1893 (Berl., 2 sheets); Em. Holub, Bechuanaland (Kew); J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson, alt. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate CVI BIDENS PILOSA var. BIMUCRONATA f. ODORATA (Cav.) Sherff (figs, a-h); var. ALAUSENSIS (H.B.K.) Sherff (figs, i-o) * THE GENUS BIDENS 393 0-1,200 meters, Khasia, India (Kew, 2 sheets); ex Hort. Bot. Cal- cutt., Wallich Cat. No. 3189, Comp. No. 299a, India (Berl., 2 sheets; Del.); Kotobuki Ichikawa 398, Nagasaki, Japan, August 15, 1924 (Calif.); G. De I' Isle, river near Le Barnica, St. Paul, Reunion (Kew; Par. ; forma var. glabratae f . abyssinicae adpropinquans) ; V. Jacque- mont 377, India (Par.) ; idem 426, Prov. Delhi, India (Par., 4 sheets) ; J. G. Koenig, Coromandel, India, 1776 (Brit.); Krauss, banks of Umbaar River, Natal, December, 1839 (Mun.); B. Krug 70, Forestry Garden, Tsingtau, Prov. Shan-tung, China, September 14, 1905 (Berl.); idem 177, eodem loco, September 14, 1906 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 445, Krautschou, Lauschan Mts., Prov. Shan-tung, August-September, 1910 (Ber\.);Labillardiere, Amboina Isl., Molucca Isls. (Par.); idem, Java (Del.); H.Lecomte & A. Finet 1252, Barka, French Indo-China, November, 1911 (Par.); iidem 1733, Angkor- Thorn, Siam, December 12, 1911 (Par.); Leduc, Mong-Tze, Prov. Yun-nan, China, September 14, 1890 (Par., 4 sheets); E. Lefevre 4, Cochin-China, September 25, 1864 (Par.) ; E. Licent 798, Pei-ta-ho (Pei-tai-ho), Prov. Chi-li, China, September, 1914 (Brit.); D. H. Linder 1699, rich, moist soil, Tshumbiri, Belgian Congo, December 15, 1926 (Berl.); A. Loher 3626 pro parte, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls. (Man.; in Mun. cum B. pilosa var. minore commixta) ; idem 5084, Tonglon, Prov. Benguet, Luzon (Kew); Macgillivray 63, Lizard Isl., northeast coast of Australia, April, 1861 (Brit.; forma B. bipinnatae adpropinquans) ; E. E. Maire 987, vicinity of Yun-nan-sen, Prov. Yun-nan, China (Kew) ; R. Marloth 1373, alt. 1,200 meters, Oka- hand ja, Hereroland (Damaraland), German Southwest Africa, May, 1886 (Berl.) ; Maximowicz, iter secundum, Nagasaki, Japan, 1863 (Par.) ; Kanjiro Mayebara, Sashiki, Prov. Higo, Japan, October 19, 1926 (Kioto; duplicate type otBidens Mayebarai Kitam.; forma foliis sim- plicibus; achaeniis B. bipinnatae adpropinquans); F. A. McClure, 1 meter high, grassy field, Kingchow, Isl. Hainan, southeastern China, October 14, 1921 (Calif.) ; idem, alt. 10 meters, roadside near King- chow, April 5, 1922 (Calif.); R. C. McGregor 2666, riverside, Dupax, Prov. Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon, Philippine Isls., March, 1912 (Man.) ; E. A. Mearns, Santo Domingo de Basco, Batan, Philippine Isls., May 27, 1907 (Man.); E. D. Merrill, bamboo thicket and border of dry thicket, Honam Isl., Canton, Kwangtung Prov., China, October 13-November 9, 1916 (Calif., 2 sheets); idem 414, Prov. Camarines, Luzon, Philippine Isls., December, 1914 (Par.); idem 3335, sandy shore, Puerta Galera, Mindoro, Philippine Isls., October- November, 1903 (Berl.; Man.; Par.); idem 3647, open waste places, 394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI alt. 1-2 meters, Caloocan, Prov. Rizal, Luzon, November 25, 1903 (Kew; Man.); idem 4311, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, November 14, 1905 (Kew; Man.; Par.); Metz 1355, Khoondas, Nilgiri Hills, India, December, 1854 (Par.); J. Motley 472, Bangarmassing, Borneo, 1857-1858 (Kew); Mousset 209, alt. about 900-950 meters, east Java, December 12, 1912 (Man.); Genji Nakahara, Shiringai, Taihoku, Formosa, August, 1905 (Penn.) ; idem, Toroku, Formosa, September, 1905 (Penn.); idem 386, Formosa, eodem tempore (Man.); idem 401, Sekiko, Formosa, eodem tempore (Man. ; forma vix typica) ; F. P. Odubre, mountain side, San Guintin, Pangasinan, Luzon, Philippine Isls., January 1, 1913 (Man.) ; Richard Oldham 258, Tamsuy (Tam- sui), Formosa, 1864 (Berl.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V., 2 sheets; Par.) ; F. Otanes, along stream, Umingan, Prov. Pangasinan, Luzon, Philippine Isls., April 22, 1914 (Man.; Mo.); F. G. Overlaet, Kafa- kumba, Belgian Congo, April, 1925 (Field) ; A. Petelot 1211, Prov. Tonkin (Tongking), French Indo-China, Nov., 1922 (Par.) ;idem (simi- liter) 1211, edges of roads, Cho Ganh, French Indo-China, Nov., 1923 (Calif.); Rainier -Kesslitz, borders of fields, Nagasaki, Japan, July, 1886 (Mus. V.); M. L. Ramos, Prov. Ilocos Norte, Luzon, Philippine Isls., March 8, 1909 (Man.); idem, Dupax, Prov. Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon, May 16, 1909 (Man.); idem, alt. 700 meters, Umuguten, Prov. Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon, May 18, 1909 (Man.); idem 30167, Catanduanes, Philippine Isls., November 14-December 11, 1917 (Mo.); Rautaner 75, Olukonda, Amboland, German Southwest Africa, April 30, 1894 (Kew; U.V.) ;K.&L. Reckinger 3636, Herberts- hohe, New Britain (Neu Pommern), Bismarck Archipelago, Sep- tember, 1905 (Mus. V.);C. B. Robinson 31, rocky soil, alt. 10 meters, Batoe-mera, Amboina, Molucca Isls., July 20, 1913 (Man.); idem 9177, Polillo, Philippine Isls., August, 1909 (Man.); F. A. Rogers 8048, alt. 1,200 meters, Broken Hill, northwestern Rhodesia, May, 1908 (Kew); idem 25123, alt. 1,500 meters, Premier Mine, Preto- ria, Transvaal (Kew; forma B. bipinnatae adpropinquans, forsan hybrida?); Royle 171, Cashmere (Kashmir; Cachemire), India, 1833 (Del.); Miss E. M. Saunders, Punjab, India (Kew); Savatier 621, wet, shady places, Yokoska, Japan, 1866-1874 (Kew; Par.); Otto Scheerer, Luakan, near Baguio, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls., April, 1913 (Man.); 1 A. K. Schindler 210a, Tsingtau, Prov. Shan-tung, China, September, 1907 (Berl.); idem 247, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Del.; Mus. V.); R. Schlechter 4568, alt. 800 meters, 1 Called Angguat by the Ibalai Igorot of Benguet; it "serves them to ferment the half-boiled grains of rice in making rice-wine, or 'tafei' " (fide Scheereri). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CVII BIDENS PILOSA var. ALAUSENSIS f. SCANDICINA (H.B.K.) Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 395 in shrubby place near Mailas Kopje, Transvaal, March 4, 1894 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Kew; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem 17523, Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, April 8, 1908 (Calif.); R. Schomburgh 161, Port Darwin, North Australia (Kew); Schottmueller 219, Yokohama, Japan, October, 1860 (Berl.) ; idem 445, Dutch East Indies, January, 1862 (Berl.); G. Schweinfurth 296, Tamarida, Sokotra (Socotra), September 13, 1881 (Kew); idem 461, alt. 500 meters, Gebel Bura, Arabia, January 5, 1889 (Boiss.); idem 2240, forest thicket (Waldege- busch) at Gurfala, Bongoland, southern Sudan, August 2, 1869 (Berl.; Kew); B. Seemann 270 p.p., Fiji Isls., 1860 (Boiss.); Gomes da Silva 198, Timor, East Indies (Berl.); George Staunton, Prov. Che- kiang, etc., eastern China (Brit.); Stuhlmann 2908, alt. 50 meters, Amboni, Distr. Usambara, German East Africa, June 24, 1893 (Berl., 2 sheets) ; idem 8529, Dar-es-Salaam, German East Africa, September 10, 1894 (Berl.); Talmy, Cochin-China, October, 1867 (Par.); Emile Joseph Taquet 969, in uncultivated places, Hongno, Isl. Quelpaert, Corea, September 23, 1908 (type collection ofBidens Robertianaefolia LeVl. & Vant.; Berl.; Del.); A, J. Teague 412, Odarvhi River Valley, Distr. Manica, Div. Umtali, Southern Rhodesia, 1915 (Kew); G. Thomson 58, Singapore, Malay Peninsula (Kew) ; Thomas Thomson, alt. 1,500-2,100 meters, northwest Himalaya, India (Brit.; Del.; U.V.); idem, Muradabad (Moradabad), India, 1845 (Kew); Clovis Thorel 1270, Bassac, etc., Cambodia, French Indo-China, 1862-1866 (Par.) ; Thwaites, Ceylon (Brit.) ; Diomede Tuezkiewicz 3118, vineyards at Le Vigan, southern France, August-September, 1859 (Gray); Morice Vanoverbergh 926, along roads, Subprov. Bontoc, Luzon, Philippine Isls., October 14, 1910 (Man.); Nathaniel Wallich, Catalogue No. 3189, Comp. No. 299e, Prome, India, 1826 (Berl., 2 sheets; Del., 2 sheets); idem, Catalogue No. 3189, Comp. No. 299/, Tavoy, India, 1827 (Berl.; Del.); Warburg 4381, alt. 600 meters, Java, January, 1887 (Berl.); idem 7850, Japan, September, 1887 (Berl.); Welwitsch 3961 and 3962, Angola (Kew); idem 3963, alt. 720-1,140 meters, Distr. Pungo Andongo, Angola (Brit.; Kew); C. A. Wenzel 302, in old clearings, Dagami, Leyte, Philippine Isls., July 3, 1913 (Del., 2 sheets; Field; Man.); ex herb. Wightii (Wallich Cat. No. 3189, Comp. No. 299d), alt. 1,050-1,200 meters, Dendygul Mts., India, 1830 (Berl. ; Del.) ; ex herb. Wightii 1451 pro parte, mission garden, India, December, 1820 (Berl.; Kew, 2 sheets; N.Y.); Capt. Wilkes, Madeira, Madeira Isls. (N.Y.); herb. Willdenowii 15023-fol. 4 (Willd.); 1 F. Wilm-s 843, among bushes by the great waterfall, 1 (Lecta, fide O. E. Schulzii op. cit. 178, a) Klein, Mgandamaley, Ceylon, February 29, 1796. 396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distr. Lydenburg, Transvaal, February, 1890 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Kew; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem (similiter) 843, Lydenburg, Distr. Lydenburg, Transvaal, November, 1894 (Berl.; Mun.); idem 845 p.p., City Garden, eodem loco, February, 1884 (Berl.); Hubert Winkler 3376, southeastern Borneo, 1908 (Berl.); J. M. Wood 715, Inanda, Natal, May-June, 1880 (Kew) ; Charles Wright (17. S. N. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Ringgold & Rodgers) 150, Loo-Choo Isls., Japan, 1853-1856 (Gray); R. Yatabe, Tokio, Japan, September 4, 1880 (Del.; nom. japonicum, sendangusa); Yvan, Isl. Chusan, Chusan Archipelago, China (Del.); H.Zollinger 410, in gardens, Java, June, 1856 (Mus. V.); idem 2284, Java (Berl., 2 sheets; Del., 3 sheets). 0. E. Schulz, in his special study of Bidens chinensis Willd. and related species (Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 178. 1914), appears to have overlooked the Coreopsis biternata of Loureiro, published with a description in 1790, some fourteen years earlier than the date of Willdenow's work. In view of the many difficulties involved in the interpretation of some of Loureiro's species, until recently I myself have refrained from attempting final disposition of his names. At last, however, these difficulties have been overcome and a cer- tain and conclusive treatment becomes possible. Loureiro described two species of Bidens, namely B. pilosa L. and 5. bipinnata L., and two of Coreopsis, namely C. leucorrhiza Lour, and C. biternata Lour. The first two may be passed over, since they were admittedly not new species and since the known occurrence of these two species in the region mentioned by Loureiro (Cochin- China and China) tends to confirm the identity of the Loureiro plants. The third species, Coreopsis leucorrhiza Lour., has recently been referred (Bot. Gaz. 86: 443. 1928) to Bidens pilosa var. minor (Bl.) Sherff. The fourth species, C. biternata Lour., was known to Loureiro under the Annamese dialectic name Ca ap chioc, 1 and he stated that 1 Loureiro "lived at Hue for approximately thirty-five years, this town being the ancient capital of the kingdom of Cochin China, now a part of French Indo- China. I assume that the limits of the old kingdom of Cochin China were approxi- mately the limits of the Province of Annam Anam, to-day, in French Indo-China. On leaving Hue, Loureiro proceeded to Canton and spent two or three years there before proceeding to Lisbon. . . . Loureiro tried to indicate in his native names as between Annamese (indicated by the letter 'a') and Chinese names (really in Mandarin) by the letter 'b'. . . by China he means the general vicinity of Canton in Kwangtung Province. . . . Generally speaking: I am of the opinion that most of his work was done on Cochin China specimens, chiefly for the reason that he resided so long in Cochin China and for a comparatively brief time in Canton; and the conditions in Canton at the time of his visit were such that it would have been impossible for him to visit any regions outside of the immediate vicinity of the city" Dr. Elmer D. Merrill in lit. April 22, 1929. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CVIII BIDENS PILOSA var. CALCICOLA (Greenm.) Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 397 it grew in fields near Canton, China. His description follows: "Differ, spec. Cor. foliis biternatis, ovato-lanceolatis, serratis: pani- cula diffusa: radio sexfloro. Habitus et notae. Caulis herbaceus, 3-pedalis, erectus, 4-gonus, 4-sulcatus, integre luteus: panicula sparsa, terminali. Radii corollae 6, neutrae. Pappus bicornis, ramosus. Receptaculum planisculum, nudum." His character for the foliage, biternatis, shows at once that he was dealing with the same plant that Willdenow treated under the name Bidens chinensis. His "pappus bicornis" was doubtless merely one of the numerous errors for which his descriptions were noted. 1 His "receptaculum .... nudum" probably was based upon capitula that had shed their achenes and chaff scales, for just previously, in his generic description of Coreopsis, he had said "recept. paleaceum." In my monographic study of Bidens, I have found a considerable number of specimens from the general region traversed by Loureiro which are listed among the foregoing "Specimens examined." 2 Recently I was supplied by Dr. Elmer D. Merrill with an excerpt from the manuscript of his "A Commentary on Loureiro's Flora Cochinchinensis" (since published; vide Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 24: 391. 1935). Merrill, too, had concluded Coreopsis biternata Lour, to be the same as Bidens chinensis Willd. Since then, he has assisted with various desired data and has recently joined me in publishing the new combination which this conclusion made necessary. In a former article (Bot. Gaz. 61: 499. 1916) I have remarked upon the good historical summary for this species, with a compre- hensive list of synonyms, presented by 0. E. Schulz (Bot. Jahrb. 50. Suppl.: 176. 1914). It is seen that the history of B. biternata goes back as far as Plukenet's Phytographia of 1691. Plukenet's plant had been received from D. Petiver, to whom it had been brought from China. The illustration later presented by Dillenius (Bidens latifolia hirsutior, semine angustiore, radiato Hort. Eltham. 51, pi. 43. 1732) was deceivingly like B. biternata, although with leaves somewhat narrower. The plant of the Dillenian Herbarium at Oxford ("no. 43.51.51") is found to be really Bidens pilosa L., however, and so the Dillenian name must be excluded from synonymy. 3 1 Occasionally the pappus is tricornis and it may very well be that he had so spelled the word on sending it to the printer for the first edition. In any case this error was not corrected in the second edition. 2 These mostly bear my herbarium determination, Bidens chinensis Willd. or, incorrectly as to Linnaeus (see discussion in text), (L.) Willd. 3 In August, 1924, I examined Dillenius' plant at Oxford very carefully. The two somewhat biternata-\ike leaves which, in the illustration, had caused 0. E. Schulz, myself, and others to refer the Dillenian plate to B. biternata (or its syn- 398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI The Rumphius plate, showing an entire fruiting plant from Amboina, or a neighboring island, is very good and matches precisely, in its individual aspect, many of the plants collected in that general region in recent years. Varietally, however, it might profitably be regarded as different from much of the B. biternata in other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, were there not here so many intergradations as to make varietal distinctions in probably all cases, except for var. glabrata, impossible. We may add that Rumphius' plate is partic- ularly important because it is directly to that plate that Willde- now's two synonyms lead (Willdenow did not cite B. pilosa var. chinensis L. as a synonym!). In several hundred herbarium determinations I have unfortu- nately followed 0. E. Schulz in appending "(L.) Willd." to the name there used (B. chinensis). As even Schulz admitted, the varietal name as first published by Linnaeus in the Mantissa (p. 281. 1771) was based upon cultivated material, which, from the Linnean descrip- tion, was doubtless B. pilosa var. minor Sherff. The Linnean Her- barium has several sheets pinned together in the Bidens pilosa cover. One is labeled "Bidens 5 pilosa"; a second, "Bidens pilosa variety"; a third, "HU Radio albo" ; a fourth has on its back, "Rumph. amb. 6 t. 15." This fourth sheet has a plant with five heads, two of them fruiting, and a separate leaf at one side. The leaf is 5-partite, with the two basal leaflets each 2-partite because of an ovate leaflet on the lower side. Examination of this material in 1914 and again in 1924 convinced me that this fourth sheet is of a merely freakish form of B. pilosa var. minor, and not B. chinensis Willd. Hence Linnaeus' name may well be left out of consideration here, and Willdenow, who fortunately cited only the Systema Vegetabilium (ed. 13, p.) 610 1 for his basis, may properly be given sole credit. As stated previously (Bot. Gaz. loc. cit.), the figure in Plukenet's Phytographia was cited by Tausch (Flora 19 : 395. 1836) for his Bidens Cicutaefolia. A study of his context (some of which, unfortunately, was not included in the manuscript copy before me at the previous writing) shows that Tausch primarily was describing several species of Bidens cultivated in gardens under the name of B. bipinnata and that then, in the case of his B. Cicutaefolia, he added the Plukenet reference. Under these circumstances, the Plukenet reference may onym, B. chinensis), were detached from the main specimen and might have belonged to another specimen. At any rate, the main specimen was very clearly and positively Bidens pilosa L. 1 A work that omits Linnaeus' varietal name chinensis published three years earlier and rests the variety directly upon Rumphius' Agrimonia molucca. Field Musuum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CIX BIDENS PILOSA var. CALCICOLA (Greenm.) Sherff (figs, a, c-j); f. DISSECTA Sherff (fig. b) BIDENS AEQUISQUAMA (Fern.) Sherff (figs, k-t) Of THt UNIVERSITY 8f THE GENUS BIDENS 399 properly be discarded and Tausch's description itself, 1 which con- flicts with B. biternata as to achenes, be used instead. This course led me some time ago to the conclusion that Tausch's B. Cicutaefolia was probably a mere form of B. bipinnata L., a conclusion since confirmed by examination of Tausch's own specimen (cult.) of B. Cicutaefolia (Lps.). The species B. biternata is usually distinguished easily from typical B. pilosa by the leaves, the lower leaflets in the former commonly being tripartite, not simple. The external involucral bracts and the achenes also are usually distinct. Gaudichaud's B. peduncularis, collected on Freycinet's voyage, at the Island of Rawak of the Molucca Islands, is B. biternata. It is of interest as having come from the same group of islands as Rum- phius' Agrimonia molucca.* All through that region B. biternata is common. Miquel (Fl. Nederl. 2: 78. 1856) refers Agrimonia molucca Rumph. to B. peduncularis Gaud, "(nisi ad praec. /3. [i.e., B. Wallichii var. bimensis Miq.])." It is true that Miquel erroneously equated B. sandvicensis Less, with B. peduncularis Gaud, but in this he doubt- less was merely following DeCandolle's earlier treatment (Prodr. 5: 598. 1836). Interesting it is, then, to find that as early as 1856 Miquel had come almost to the point of synonymizing the two names of Moluccan plants with each other and with B. Wallichii DC. Of Bidens Wallichii DC. many authentic specimens are extant today and they all are seen to be very definitely B. biternata. Thus, for example, six uniform sheets of material occur in Berlin (Berl.). These were collected by Wight, Prone, Tavoy, etc., and all are B. biternata. They all are of the old Wallich distribution No. 3189, cited by DeCandolle for his B. Wallichii. C. B. Clarke (Compos. Ind. 141. 1876) reduced B. Wallichii to a variety of B. pilosa L. but later, on a herbarium sheet in Kew Herbarium, admitted his error in so doing. 3 B. Wallichii var. bimensis Miq. was described from a specimen collected by Rheinwardt on the Island of Bima, considerably to the 1 "Foliis bipinnatisectis glabris, laciniis ovatis dentatis, caule stricto, floribus corymbosis subradiatis, involucre appresso, achaeniis erectis 2-aristatis." 2 For further data see under B. sandvicensis Less. (p. 123, footnote 1). 3 On the herbarium label for H. Collett 816, Clarke wrote, "I erred about these two Indian Bidens ([sic] in my Comp. Indicae) and Sir J. D. Hfooker] unfortu- nately 'followed' me. "Bidens pilosa Linn, is B. leucantha Willd. and has the ray white. B. Wallichii DC. has the ray yellow (and smaller) as well as different leaves and is a good species. C. B. Clarke. 11 May 1894." 400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI southwest of the Molucca Islands. From its description, 1 it appears to differ in no important respect from ordinary B. biternata. B. chinensis f. simplicifolia 0. E. Schulz was based on Henry's No. 388 from the Province of Hupeh, China. It is merely a small, poorly developed form. The leaves are simple, as happens also in B. pilosa, B. tripartita, and many other similar species when the growth conditions are poor. One may well doubt the wisdom of assigning indiscriminately to formal or varietal rank the many impoverished or otherwise retarded forms of this nature that are found repeatedly among herbarium specimens. 2 Bidens pinnata Noronha (Verh. Batav. Gen. 5 [ed. 1.] Art. IV[?] 8. 1790) is listed without description but with the Java synonym Harruga. It probably was either B. biternata or B. pilosa var. minor, both of these plants being known in Java, probably without distinction, under the name Harruga. LeVeill (loc. cit.) cited as the type for B. Robertianaefolia LeVl. & Vant., a plant collected in Corea by Taquet: Island of Quelpaert, in uncultivated places at Hongno, September 23, 1908. There exist fine specimens with these data in Geneva and Berlin (Taquet 969, Del.; Berl.). They are B. biternata. Plants by Bretschneider, David, etc., from the neighborhood of Peking, China, display a remarkable approach or transition through their more decompound and membranaceous leaves and their fre- quently narrower and fewer-flowered heads to B. bipinnata L. (or are even suggestive of the North American B. Bigelovii Gray and B. leptocephala Sherff). A slightly similar approach is made rarely by plants collected elsewhere (e.g., Macgillivray 63, Lizard Isl.). Bidens biternata var. 13. glabrata (Vatke) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 389. 1930. Bidens abyssinica var. glabrata Vatke, Linnaea 39: 500. 1875. Bidens pilosa var. glabrata Vatke ex Engler, Hochgebfl. Trop. Afr. 437. 1892. Bidens lasiocarpa 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 185. 1914. Herba caule glabrata, 3-7 dm. alta. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-14 cm. longa, tripartita vel 1 "Var. bimensis, folia fere omnia 2-3-jugq-pinnatisecta, segmentis argute serratis et profunde incisis, hinc passim subpinnatifidis, achaenia ext. mediis multo breviora, radii pappi 3 vel saepe 2 vel 4 inaequales." 2 The sheet of Henry 388 bears two specimens, the larger, second one having the leaves tripartite and resembling those of B. cylindrica Sherff. THE GENUS BIDENS 401 rarius quinquepartita rarius bipinnata; foliolis plus minusve glabris, ovato-lanceolatis, serratis vel crenato-dentatis vel crenato-incisis, membranaceis. Capitula corymbosa, subradiata, ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et 4-8 mm. lata, demum 1.8-2.6 cm. alta et 1.5-2.5 cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus crassisve et 4-12 cm. longis. Invo- lucrum plus minusve pilosum; bracteis plerumque subaequalibus demum 6-11 mm. longis, exterioribus (6-9) anguste linearibus cilia- tisque rarius interiores multo superantibus. Flores ligulati perpauci (2 vel 3), minuti, subalbidi, saepe deficientes. Flores disci plerumque ad apicem quadridentati, rarius quinquedentati. Achaenia linearia, recta vel moderate recurvata, nigra, tetragona; exteriora scabrido- hispida, rarius 4- plerumque 3-aristata, 7-14 mm. longa; interiora elongata, plerumque 4-, rariter 3-6-aristata, corpore usque ad 2.5 cm. longa; aristis retrorsum hamosis, 2-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Wilhelm Schimper, No. 105, in Abyssinia, 1854. l Distribution: Widely and sparingly scattered in Japan, Corea, northeastern China (Province of Shan-tung), British East India, Arabian Peninsula (Ye"men); in Africa from Abyssinia, where especially common, Egypt, Dar Fur, and Nigeria southward inter- mittently to Natal and German Southwest Africa; also islands of Borneo, Reunion, Cape Verde, etc. Much less common than the species proper and than its own f . abyssinica. Specimens examined: 2 Andrea Bellini 330, Eritrea, October 30, 1910 (Flor.); (Emilia Chiovenda 1120 and 1539fo's, both from Gondar, 1 Vatke (loc. cit.) states: "Adest in coll. a. 1854 n. 105. e Gaha Meda prope Dschadscha, a Schweinfurthio Beitr. 142 cum var. altera (quadriaristata Hochst. fide ejusdam) n. 305 e Gageros confusa, a qua primo intuitu diversissima; nostra transitum praebere videtur ad B. bipinnatum L. a Kotschyo in Nubia repertum, cui forte stirps abyssinica reducenda." The Berlin Herbarium has three sheets of Schimper 105, but my manuscript gives these as from alt. 1,200-1,500 meters, Gageros, Abyssinia, September 16, 1854. On the other hand, the several specimens of Schimper 305 studied (vide sub f. abyssinica) were noted as coming from Gaha-Meda near Dschadscha, Abyssinia, October 22, 1854. My manuscript does not differentiate for these Nos. 105 and 305 the var. glabrata or its f . abyssinica. 2 In addition to the specimens here cited may be given the following, which belong either to the variety glabrata or to its f. abyssinica but which had been studied before it was decided to differentiate the two forms: J. T. Bent, alt. 900- 1,200 meters, seacoast of Nubia at about 21 N. Lat., 1896 (Kew) ; Boivin, Isl. Bour- bon (Kew) ; Botta, Yemen, Asiatic Turkey (Arabian Peninsula), 1837 (Par.) ; J. Car- doso 103, Cape Verde Isls., 1895 (Kew); W. R. Carles 219, Chemulpo, Corea (Kew); C. B. Clarke 21969B, Patankot (Pathankote), India, September 9, 1874 (Webb); N. H. Cowdry 894, roadside, moist locality, Che-foo, July, 1920 (Kew); idem 896, north end of sand spit, Che-foo (Chi-fu), Prov. Shan-tung, China, August 6, 1920 (Kew); Deflers 231, alt. 1,200 meters, Wadi Hidjan, Usil, Yemen, Asiatic Turkey (Arabian Peninsula), May 6, 1887 (Boiss.); idem 428, alt. 1,900 meters, Wadi Schidja, Menakha, Yemen, May 16, 1887 (Boiss.); DeWitte 2118, tropical East Africa, November 27, 1934 (Bruss.); F. V. Dickins 652, Yokohama, Japan, 402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Dembia, Prov. Amhara, Abyssinia, were formerly referred here; they are the f . abyssinica;) E. Chiovenda 1234, Gondar, July 30, 1909 (Flor.) ; idem 1834, Dembia, September 3, 1909 (Flor.); idem 2161, Abyssinia, September 20, 1909 (Flor.; sub nom. B. abyssinica var. glabrata L nemorali) ; idem 2409, Gondar, October 7, 1909 (Flor.) ; (Adriano Fiori 1832 and 1833, both collected in Eritrea, January, 1909, were for- merly referred here but on reexamination are seen to be the f. abyssinica;} Adriano Fiori 1834, alt. 2,330 meters, Asmara, Eritrea, commun. May, 1876 (Kew) ; W. J. Dowson 194, Nairobi, British East Africa (Kew) ; J. F. Duthie 3054, alt. 2,400-2,700 meters, Kali Valley, Kumaon (Kumaun), north- western India, September 16, (1886?; Boiss.); Bertha Fritzsche 93, grassy plains, Humpata, Angola, May, 1903 (Berl.); Miss A. E. Gairdner 577, Sesheki District, Rhodesia, April (Kew); John Gossweiler 5438, Angola, January 28, 1912 (Brit.); J. M. Hildebrandt 415, alt. 1,500 meters, under bushes, Habab, Abyssinia, Sep- tember, 1872 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); V.Jacquemont 879', India (Par., 3 sheets); idem 884' and 886, eodem loco (Par.); Kotschy 79, along pools of rain water at eastern foot of Mt. Arasch-Cool, Nubia (Kordofan), September 30, 1839 (Kew); idem 135, in wet places near Arasch-Cool, Nubia, August, 1837 (Kew; Mus. V.); idem 325, Nile River near Sennar, Khartum region, 1837 (vide p. 405; Coss.; Mus. V.; forma foliorum lobis acrioribus et a Schz. Bipont. ipso Bidens laciniata dicta); Krauss 11, Port Natal, Natal, 1840 (Del.; Kew); H. V. Lely 267, Neill's Valley, east of Naraguta Government Station, Nigeria, June 15, 1921 (Kew); idem 600, Kadaura, northern Nigeria, September 19, 1921 (Kew, 2 sheets); H. Lynes 609, alt. 1,080 meters, Kulme, Dar-Fur Prov., Sudan, September 27, 1921 (Kew); D. T. Mac- Dougal & G. Sykes 134, alt. 780 meters, northern Africa, January 25, 1912 (Brit.); R. E. Massey 60, Gondar and vicinity, Abyssinia (Kew) ; Maximowicz, Her secun- dum, Yokohama, Japan, 1862 (Berl.; Flor.; Gray; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.); Richard Oldham 411 pro parte, Nagasaki, Japan, 1862 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Flor.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par., etc.; pro parte parva cum B. tripartite commixta); Petit, Abyssinia (Berl., 2 sheets); 'Pfund 204, Katul Gambar, northeastern Africa, September 8, 1895 (Kew); Quar tin-Dillon, Memsa, Abyssinia (Par.); idem & Petit, eodem loco (Par.); Rohr55, Abyssinia, April, 1842 (Kew); W. Schimper 196, Abyssinia (Berl.); idem 285 and 288, alt. 1,800 meters, Scholloda, Prov. Tigre, Abyssinia, September 24, 1862 (Berl.; Brit.; "Landplage fur wanderer vom October bis Januar weil sich die Fruchte in die Kleider einstechten"); idem 305, alt. 1,800 meters, Gaha- Meda near Dschadscha, Abyssinia, October 22, 1854 (Berl., 2 sheets; Del.; Mus. V.); idem 321, Abyssinia, October, 1841 (Berl.); idem 337 (type, Par.: cotypes, Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Del., 3 sheets; Hamb.; Kew, 3 sheets; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.; nom. abyssinicum, Zellim Tannag); idem 912, Abyssinia, October 10, 1852 (Par., 4 sheets); idem 1427, everywhere near Djeladjeranne, Abyssinia, September 20, 1840 (Berl.; Del., 3 sheets; Kew, 3 sheets; Kiel; Mo.; Mun., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; Par.); idem 1475, alt. 1,500 meters, on mountains, Dscha-Dscha, Abyssinia, September 28, 1854 (Del.; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem (similiter) 1475, eodem loco, August 22, 1853 (Par., 3 sheets); idem 1986, near Djeladjeranne (Par.); idem 2181, alt. 1,500 meters, mountains near Dschadscha, September 28, 1854 (Brit.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V., 3 sheets); idem 2324, alt. 1,200 meters, mountains prope Gageros, Abyssinia, September 16, 1854 (Brit.; Del.; Kew; Mus. V., 3 sheets; sub nom. var. incisifolia); C. Schultz Bipontinus, cultivated, December 6, 1856 (Del.); G. Schweinfurth 419 p.p., Kanka, near Cairo, Egypt, September 25, 1864 (Brit.); idem 420, Matamma, Abyssinia, October 6, 1865 (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Kew; Mus. V.); idem 1619 and 1643, upper lava valley, Eritrea, 1891 (Boiss.); idem & D. Riva 458, Mt. Farakh near, and 477 at Ailet, Eritrea, February 18, 1892 (Boiss.); F. Seiner 509, alt. 1,350 meters, German Southwest Africa, April 14, 1911 (Berl.); Stocks 608, Distr. Scinde, India (type of Bidens lasiocarpa O. E. Schz., Berl); Thwaites 3583, Ceylon (Mus. V.); U. S. S. Pacif. Ex-pi. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Cape Verde Isls., 1838-1842 (Phila.); Wight 1606, India (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Mus. V.). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CX BIDENS SUBALTERNANS DC. w THE GENUS BIDENS 403 Nov. 15, 1909 (Flor.); Giovanni Negri 667, alt. about 1,900 meters, Scioa, June 17, 1909 (Flor.); A. Papyri 821, alt. about 2,480 meters, Altipiano di Gheleba, Scimenzana, Eritrea, September 22, 1902 (Flor.); idem 3040, alt. about 500 meters, Assaorta Cuale-Enrot, Eritrea, March 18, 1893 (Flor.); idem 4128, alt. about 600 meters, Valle Damas, Ocul Cusai, Eritrea, April 14, 1893 (Flor.); idem 6011, Monte Damba, Beni-Amer, Eritrea, September 10-25, 1903 (Flor.); idem 7252, altitude about 1,600 meters, Adi Ghebsus, Medri Od Tesfa, Eritrea, November 2, 1906 (Flor.); idem 7680, alt. 800 meters, along the Gherhen River, Beni Amer, Eritrea, October 1, 1907 (Flor.) ; idem 8524, alt. about 1,326 meters, Beggiuch, near Adi Mendad, Bogos, Eritrea, September 29, 1909 (Flor.); G. Schweinfurth & D. Riva 804, alt. 2,200 meters, environs of Saga- neiti, Eritrea, March 7, 1892 (Boiss.); A. Tettini 292, Altipiano- Asmara, Eritrea, October 1-10, 1903 (Flor.). In proposing as a new species his Bid-ens lasiocarpa, Schulz empha- sized (in key, op. cit. 87) the fact that the outer achenes are more or less recurved and commonly very densely hirtous, but this character is present equally well in the type material of B. biternata var. glabrata and its f. abyssinica, where it seems to have been overlooked by him. Moreover, B. lasiocarpa has long achenes, as in the type material of var. glabrata and, as a whole, is too closely connected by inter- mediate forms in the herbaria to rank as a separate species. B. lasio- carpa appears to bear somewhat the same relationship to the var. glabrata as is borne by the peculiar local form found about Peking, China, cited under the species proper, to the species itself. In both cases there is a gradation of the foliage toward the more membrana- ceous and more decompound type possessed by Bidens bipinnata L. Bidens biternata var. glabrata f. 1. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 389. PI. C. Bidens abyssinica Schz. Bip. in Walp. Repert. 6: 167. 1846-1847. Bidens abyssinica var. quadriaristata Hochst. ex Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 142. 1867 (nomen subnudum). Bidens laciniata Schz. Bip. ex Schweinf. op. cit. 283 (nomen). Bidens quadriseta Hochst. ex Oliv. & H. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 393. 1877. Bidens abyssinica var. incisifolia Hochst. loc. cit. (nomen nudum) . Bidens pilosa var. quadriseta (Hochst.) Schweinf. ex Engler, Hochge- birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 437. 1892. 404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens pilosa var. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) Fiori, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. 20: 390. 1913. Bidens chinensis var. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 180. 1914. A var. glabrata caule piloso tomentoso-hirtove foliolis dense tomen- toso-pilosis vel subhirtis involucre plerumque dense hirto differt. Type specimen: Collected by Wilhelm Schimper, No. 337, in stony places on the mountains and in the valleys near Adowa (Adoa) and everywhere in front of Djeladjeranne (Tche'latche'kanne' fide A. Richardii, Tent. Fl. Abyssin. 1: 414, 415, etc., 1847; etiam Dsche- ladscheranne), Abyssinia, September 19, 1837 (Par.). Distribution: With the var. glabrata and much more common. Specimens examined: 1 Chiovenda 1120, Gondar, Prov. Amhara, Abyssinia, July 26, 1909 (Flor.); idem 15396is, eodem loco, August 21, 1909 (Flor.); Adriano Fiori 1832, alt. 960 meters, Ghinda, Hamasen region, Eritrea, January 14, 1909 (Flor.); idem 1833, Damas, Eritrea, January 13, 1909 (Flor.); A. Pappi 6105, along the Mai Albo, Dembelas, Eritrea, September 25, 1903 (Flor.); Schimper 337 (type, Par.: cotypes, Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, 3 sheets; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.). Some of Schimper's original specimens, on which were founded the names Bidens abyssinica, B. abyssinica var. quadriaristata, and B. quadriseta, are densely hairy forms with tripartite leaves and conspicuously large fruiting heads. In leaf characters they might be confused with B. pilosa L.; their achenes and involucral bracts, however, are very distinct. Some cotypes of "B. abyssinica" (Brit., etc.) show leaves more incisely toothed or lobed and approaching more or less closely those of B. biternata proper. The fruit characters sometimes seem too distinctive to warrant reducing "B. abyssinica" to subordinate rank under B. biternata as proposed by 0. E. Schulz, but the great number of intergradations observed in various her- barium specimens appears to compel some such course. The varietal name incisifolia was given originally to specimens of Schimper 2328, described (Oliver, loc. cit.) as having "rather more deeply cut lobes." The authentic sheet of this number at Kew, however, marked "Fl. Afr. Trop. iii p. 393," has none of its leaves incisely toothed to a noticeable degree. 1 Here belong also the majority of the specimens which are cited on p. 401, footnote 2. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXI /' a BIDENS DOMINGENSIS O. E. Schulz Of *** THE GENUS BIDENS 405 B. abyssinica var. quadriaristata Hochst. ex Schweinf. was published without description, but based upon W. Schimper 729, ad Gageros, September 16, 1854, etc. I have not seen this number, but the data given by Schweinfurth are essentially the same as those for Schimper 105 and 2324 already cited. Oliver and Hiern (in Oliv. loc. cit.) cited this varietal name as a synonym for Bidens quadriseta, but of course did not thus validate it as a varietal name, nor did the varietal nomen incisi/olia receive valid publication. Bidens laciniata Schz. Bip. ex Schweinf. was a nomen applied to Kotschy 325. The material in Schultz Bipontinus' private herbarium (Par.) had been received from the Vienna Botanical Garden. This and also the more ample specimen in Vienna (Mus. V.) are the f. abyssinica. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIX, FIGS, a, C-m Bidens biternata: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.91; d, interior involucral bract, X4.91; e, f with g, h, ray florets (h having rudiments in throat), X4.91; i, palea, X4.91;;, disc floret, X4.91; k, I, m, achenes, X4.21; a, c-g, i-k, from Wenzel 302, in Hb. Field; h, I, m, from Clarke 22374, in Hb. Brit. EXPLANATION OF PLATE C Bidens biternata var. glabrata f. abyssinica: a (lower), 6 (upper), portions of fruiting plant, X0.65; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.6; d, interior involucral bract, X2.6; e, palea, X2.6; /, disc floret (4- lobed), X2.6; g (outer), h (inner), achenes, Xl.95; a-e, g, h, from Schimper 2181 (Bidens quadriseta Hochst.), in Hb. Kew; /, from Schimper 2324, ibid. 127. Bidens Engleri 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 186. 1914. PI. XCI, figs. a-f. Herba gracilis, erecta, 2-3 dm. alta; caule tetragono, glabro, ramoso, 1.5-2 mm. diametro. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1^4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia 3.5-10 cm. longa, plerumque simplicia et ovato-lanceolata, membranacea, serrata dentibus acriter apiculatis, margine ciliata, faciebus glabrata vel sparsissime adpresso- pilosa. Capitula ramos tenues plerumque nudos usque ad 8 cm. longos terminantia, discoidea, ad anthesin 2.5-5 mm. alta et 2.5-4.5 mm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-5, lineares, apicem versus dilatatae, apice acutae, margine serrato-ciliatae, faciebus glabrae vel hispidae, 1-2 mm. longae et 0.3-0.6 mm. latae; interiores lanceo- latae, apice rotundato-obtusae vel subacutae, multo longiores. 406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Achaenia anguste oblongo-linearia, obcompressa, subtetragona, atra, glabra, omnino circ. 8-sulcata, corpore 1.2-1.6 cm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, bi- vel triaristata 1 aristis tenuibus, retrorsum hamosis, 2.5-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Georg Schweinfurth, No. 2596, 2 in forest called Genena, near Seriba Ghattas, District of Jur (Djur), Province of Bahr-el-Ghazal, English-Egyptian Sudan, November 8, 1869 (Berl.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Province of Bahr-el-Ghazal, English-Egyptian Sudan. Specimens examined: Schweinfurth 2596 (type, Berl.: cotypes, Boiss.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.). An African species comparable to Bidens tenera of northern South America. The plants of the type collection all are less than 3 dm. high, and practically all the leaves are undivided. Hispid outer achenes are lacking and the exterior involucral bracts are mostly about 3 or 4 in number, 1-2 mm. long and spatulate, with the margin, except near the base, minutely serrate. The achenes, which tend to be rather parallel-sided throughout their length and hence oblong-linear, are unique in appearance. With B. Engleri Schulz identified an apparently different form, Chevalier 2816, here referred to B. cylindrica Sherff. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCI, FIGS, a-/ Bidens Engleri: a, entire flowering and fruiting plant, X0.6; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6; c, interior involucral bract, X6; d, palea, X6; e, disc floret, X6;/, achene, X2.4; all from type. 128. Bidens tenera 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 186. 1914. PI. GUI, figs. i-o. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 4; achaeniis 2-4- plerumque 3-aristatis B. tenera sensu stricto. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8; achaeniis normaliter 4-aristatis var. /3. paucidertfata. Herba annua, tenera, 1-3.5 dm. alta; caule tenui, tetragono, 0.75-1 mm. crasso, subglabro, simplici vel parce ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-11 cm. longa, 1 A search through three sheets of type and cotype material shows no achenes with "4" aristae as stated by Schulz, loc. cit. 2 Erroneously given by Schulz, loc. cit., as 259h, because the type label had had the number carelessly inserted. Labels elsewhere give the number distinctly as 2596. 'ield Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXII BIDENS MALMEI Sherfl . OF THt UNJYEHSITY Of IUIHOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 407 saepe simplicia, valde membranacea, ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, ad apicem acuminata vel interdum acuta, basi rotundata vel trun- cata, argute serrata dentibus plerumque mucronulatis, ciliata, supra setis brevibus sparsissime vestita (interdum principalia trifoliolata, foliolo terminal! foliis simplicibus aequali, foliolis lateralibus moderate minoribus, ovatis, acutis, sessilibus, 1-2.5 cm. longis et 1-1.5 cm. latis; rarissime irregulariter quinquepartita) . Capitula perpauca, non perspicua, discoidea, pauciflora 6-15 (vel etiam -20) floribus tubulosis, ad anthesin 3.5-5 mm. alta et 3-6 mm. lata. Involucri basis hispida; bracteis exterioribus circ. 4, late linearibus vel lineari- spathulatis, ad apicem subdilatatum obtusiusculis sed mucronulatis, breviter ciliatis praesertim basim versus, circ. 4 mm. longis, quam interioribus vix brevioribus. Achaenia linearia, nigra, recta vel vix recurvata, subtetragona vel obcompresso-tetragona, omnino circ. 8-sulcata, glabra, corpore 1.2-1.5 cm. longa, quam paleae multo longiora, 2-4- (plerumque 3-) aristata; aristis viridi-flavidis, retror- sum hamosis, 2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Henri Francois Pittier, No. 4528, in forests of Boruca, Costa Rica, November, 1891 (Berl., 2 sheets). Distribution: Costa Rica; Colombia eastward to French Guiana and southward to State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. Specimens examined: Burchell 8848, tropical Brazil (Kew); Nicholas Funck 424, Minca, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia, Novem- ber-December, 1842 (Boiss.; Kew; Mus. V.; Petrop.); idem 431, Caracas, Venezuela, 1843 (Del.; Par.; forma parce typica) ; Gabriel, French Guiana, 1802 (Del.); George Gardner 3849, shady banks of streams, Goyaz, Brazil, March, 1840 (Kew, 2 sheets); ex Hort. Par., cult. (Del., sub. nom. Ceratocephalo Vaill.); H. F. Pittier 4528 (type, Berl., 2 sheets: cotypes, Brit.; Gray); idem 9140, Guaremales, Venezuela, December 10, 1920 (Del.; Gray; achaeniis vix typica); ex herb. L. C. Richardii, French Guiana (Par., sub nom. Bidente trifoliolata); H. H. Smith 512, alt. 150 meters, observed only in damp woods near river at Masinga, Santa Marta, Colombia, Novem- ber, 1898-1901 (Berl.; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Ph\\a.); Eugene Warming, Picao, Minas Geraes, Brazil, January 26, 1865 (Cop., foliis 5-partitis); idem 643 pro parte, on calcareous rocks, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, March 28, 1864 (Cop.). A species with very delicate, membranaceous foliage, a character easily explained by the sylvan habitat. The peduncles are mostly very slender and the fruiting heads suggest those of Bidens Engleri 0. E. Schulz. 408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens tenera var. /3. paucidentata (0. E. Schulz) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 362. 1930. Bidens Ekmanii et var. paucidentata 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 111. 1929. Bidens tenera var. tetracera Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 293. 1929. Capitula discoidea ad anthesin 4-5 mm. alta et pariter lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8, lineares, tergo fere glabrae, margine ciliatae, sub apice interdum subdilatatae, apice ipso suba- cutae, circ. 3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, 4-5 mm. longae. Achaenia 15-30, linearia, fere usque ad apicem atra, apice ipso straminea, corpore tetragona atque 1-1.5 cm. longa, circ. 0.5-0.65 mm. crassa, superne sensim attenuata, glabra, unica facie (4 facie- rum) 2-sulcata, apice quadriaristata aristis tenuibus, 2-3 mm. longis, retrorsum hamis elongatis tenuibus albidis hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Erik L. Ekman, No. 10022, in Province of Oriente, Cuba (Stockh.). Distribution: Known only from Cuba and Bolivia. Specimens examined: Otto Buchtien 4182, alt. 1,300 meters, Milluguaya, North Yungas, Bolivia, December, 1917 (U.S., type of var. tetracera Sherff); Ekman 3398, on the forest path between Sabana Resusna and Sabana Niranda, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, Novem- ber 5, 1914 (Stockh.; type of Bidens Ekmanii 0. E. Schz.); idem 10022 (type, Stockh.) ; H. Pittier 10222, alt. 800-1,000 meters, around Caracas, Venezuela, March 10, 1922 (Gray; N.Y.; U.S.). Differs from the species proper in its more numerous achenes, these quadriaristate and upwardly attenuated, not triaristate nor almost parallel-sided throughout. The general aspect is that of a thin-leaved form of Bidens pilosa L. as to foliage and of B. bipinnata L. as to fruiting heads. Bidens tenera var. tetracera, published in November, 1929, was found to have been antedated several months by the equivalent B. Ekmanii 0. E. Schulz and its so-called var. paucidentata, both of Cuba. The type specimens of B. Ekmanii and its var. paucidentata are now before me (through the kindness of Dr. Gunnar Samuelsson, Director of the Botanical Section of the Natural History Royal Museum of Stockholm). They differ mutually to an insignificant extent, nor are they separable from the South American specimens described for B. tenera var. tetracera. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CIII, FIGS, i-0 Bidens tenera: i, entire small flowering and fruiting plant, X0.7; j, tripartite leaf, X0.7; k, exterior involucral bract, X5.56; I, interior Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXIII E. E. SHSRFF DEL, h e BIDENS CYNAPIIFOLIA H.B.K. Of THE GENUS BIDENS 409 involucral bract, X5.56; m, palea, X5.56; n, disc floret, X5.56; o, achene, X3.48; i, k-o, from H. H. Smith 512, in Hb. Field; j, from cotype, in Hb. Gray. 129. Bidens duranginensisSherff,Bot.Gaz.70:90.pJ. 11, figs. g-m. 1920. PI. XCVI, figs. j-q. Bidens Anthriscoides var. angustiloba DC. Prodr. 5: 601. 1836. Herba annua, glabrata, demum circ. 6-9 dm. alta; caule sub- tetragono, ramis acute tetragonis, longis et tenuibus, striatis, infra minute pubescentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis (foliorum princi- palium) 2.5-4 cm. longis et ad basim ciliatis connatisque, petiolo adjecto 10-12 cm. longa, pinnata, serrata vel dentata (vel etiam inciso-dentata), ciliata, foliolis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, saepe duobus vel quattuor imis cuiusque folii tripartitis. Capitula multa, subradiata, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 3-8 cm. longis, ad anthesin 4-7 mm. alta et 0.8-1.3 cm. lata, cum achaeniis 1.2-1.4 cm. alta et 6-8 mm. lata. Involucrum basi hispidum; bracteis exteriori- bus (circ. 8) linearibus, fere glabris, apice induratis, 2-3 mm. longis; interioribus dimidio longioribus, anguste lanceolatis. Flores ligulati (3-6) subalbidi, ligula anguste ovati, 4-7-striati, 4-6 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, atra, glabra vel supra sparsim hispida, corpore 6-12 mm. longa, apice 2^i-aristata aristis flavis et retrorsum hamosis, 1.5-2.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Edward Palmer, No. 756, on west side of Iron Mountain, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, Mexico, October, 1896 (Gray). Distribution: States of Sonora and Chihuahua to State of Mexico, Mexico. Specimens examined: Berlandier 875, around City of Mexico, Federal District, September 19, 1827 (Del.; Par.; type collection of Bidens Anthriscoides var. angustiloba DC.); Edward Palmer 612, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, Mexico, October, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.); idem 756 (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field; Kew; Mo.; U.S.) ; /. L. Wiggins 7396, La Mina Verde, 31 km. from Cumpas, Sonora, Mexico, September 23, 1934 (Field). At the time that this species was described, I looked upon B. pilosa L., B. leucantha (L.) Willd., B. bimucronata Turcz., B. odorata Cav., and several other similar forms as representing distinct species. B. duranginensis, therefore, was considered to be a distinct form and clearly entitled to specific rank. Since then, examination of a vast 410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI amount of additional material from European herbaria has com- pelled the conclusion that these forms, while doubtless seeming distinct in certain localities, at various places in their distributional range intergrade so thoroughly that all hope of their specific segre- gation must be abandoned. This being true, the question at once arises whether B. duranginen- sis, clearly a close relative of B. pilosa, is merely another of B. pilosa's many varietal manifestations, or whether, like B. subalternans DC., B. biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff, and several other pilosoid forms, it is a valid species. Certainly it is very close in flowers and fruits to some undisputed forms of B. pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. C. V. Hartman 113 (alt. 1,740 meters, Las Calabazas, State of Sonora, Mexico, October 9, 1890; Gray; Kew; Penn.; Phila.) is a form which in some specimens appears closer to the young state of B. duranginen- sis (as typified by Palmer 612) and yet in others appears referable to B. pilosa var. radiata. Aside from questionable approaches of this kind, I have been unable to obtain any legitimate basis for referring B. duranginensis to synonymy and so feel compelled to retain it as a separate species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCVI, FIGS, j-q Bidens duranginensis: j, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57; k, exterior involucral bract, X4.56; I, interior involucral bract, X4.56; m, ray corolla, X4.56; n, palea, X4.56; o, disc floret, X4.56; p (outer), q (inner), achenes, X4.56; all from type. 130. Bidens pseudocosmos Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 151. 1923. PI. CI, figs. h-n. Herba annua, erecta, glabra, ramosa, saltern 4 dm. et verisimiliter usque ad 10 dm. alta, caule ramisque tetragonis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 0.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-8 cm. longa, bipinnata, saepe ad petiolorum basim et rarius alibi hinc illinc paucis pilis vestita, foliolis primariis 3-7, ultimis segmentis linearibus acriter calloso-apiculatis. Capitula ramos terminantia pedunculis 3-9 cm. longis, discoidea vel obscure subradiata radiis 4-5 minutis albido-luteis, ad anthesin minima, 4-5 mm. alta et circ. 6 mm. lata; demum 2.5-3 cm. alta et 1-2 cm. lata. Involucrum basi hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, anguste linearibus, ciliatis, apice acute apiculatis, 4-6 (rarius-8) mm. longis, quam interioribus lanceolatis manifeste brevioribus. Paleae maturae 1-1.3 cm. longae, quam achaenia matura multo breviores. Achaenia atra, tenuissime linearia, tetragona, exalata, supra tenuiter sed sensim elongata et Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate CXIV c c d a BIDENS RIPARIA H.B.K. (figs, i-p); var. REFRACTA (Brandeg.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) OF TH 6f THE GENUS BIDENS 411 antrorsum setis stramineis hispida, infra glabra, corpore 1-2.4 cm. longa et 0.4-0.7 mm. lata, biaristata aristis tenuibus erectis divari- catisve stramineis retrorsum hamosis 2-3.5 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Otto Buchtien, No. 815, at altitude of 3,300 meters, below Obraje, southeast of La Paz, Bolivia, May 10, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Central western Peru to central western Bolivia. Specimens examined: Buchtien 815 (Field, 2 type sheets: cotypes, Field; Gray; Hamb.; U.S.); J. F. Macbride 2904, alt. about 2,400 meters, sunny slide rock, Matucana, Peru, March 14-16, 1923 (Field); idem & Featherstone 168, alt. about 2,400 meters, gravelly river bank, eodem loco, April 12-May 3, 1922 (Field). A species with somewhat the aspect of Cosmos. The flowering heads are those of Bidens, however, and the achenes are not abruptly narrowed above into a neck or beak as in typical Cosmos. The general habit bears a superficial resemblance to that of certain branched forms of the North American Bidens tenuisecta Gray. Apparently the closest ally is B. andicola var. Cosmantha L Buch- tienii. In fact, the fruiting characters of f . Buchtienii are so similar that at first the remarkable habit and foliage differences in B. pseudo- cosmos were thought attributable to the fact that the specimen came from a larger plant than the observed specimens of f. Buchtienii. Additional sheets of B. pseudocosmos were found later, however, bearing small, entire, fruiting plants and even here both the habit and the foliage distinctions were found to hold true. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CI, FIGS, h-n Bidens pseudocosmos: h, fruiting branch, X0.62; i, exterior involucral bract, X2A8;j, interior involucral bract, X2.48; k, palea, X2.48; /, disc floret, X4.96; m (outer), n (inner), achenes, X2.48; all from type. 131. Bidens pseudalausensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 26. 1917. PL XCII, figs, a-flf. Herba verisimiliter annua, circ. 6 dm. alta (e Langlassei inscrip- tione), ramosa; caule et ramis tetragonis et acute angulatis, striatis, glabris. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.2-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-7 cm. longa et 1-5.5 cm. lata, bi-tripinnatisecta, glabra; ultimis lobis cuneato-oblanceolatis, dentatis dentibus ad apicem induratis. Capitula terminalia, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1.5-6 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 6-7 mm. alta et circ. 1.5 cm. lata. Involucrum basi glabrum, bracteis exterioribus (circ. 8) linearibus, 412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI ciliatis, 2-3 mm. longis; interioribus paulo longioribus, glabratis, margine diaphanis. Flores ligulati (circ. 5) albi (e Langlasseo), in specimine sicco luteoli, striati, ligula obovati, ad apicem lobulati vel obtusissime dentati, 5-7 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, faciebus plus minusve glabra, marginibus tuberculato-hispida, biaristata (aristis sub apice retrorsum hamosis), corpore 7-9 mm. longa. Differt a B. pilosa var. alausensi habitu ramorum, etc. Type specimen: Collected by E. Langlasse, No. 541, at altitude of 580 meters, Cerro Pedregoso, El Ocote, State of Michoacan, Mexico (DA). Distribution: Known only from type locality in State of Michoa- can, Mexico. Specimens examined : Langlasse 541 (type, U.S.: cotypes, Gray; Kew). A species of uncertain status. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCII, FIGS, Bidens pseudalausensis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.44; c, interior involucral bract, X3.44; d, ray corolla, X3.44; e, palea, X3.44; /, disc floret, X3.44; g, achene, X3.44; all from type. 132. Bidens pilosa L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753. PI. XCIX, fig. 6, and pi. CII, figs, a, b, and e-j. Ceratocephalus pilosus (L.) Rich. Cat. Jard. Medic. 91. 1 Bidens reflexa Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 306. 1822. Bidens adhaerescens Veil. Fl. Flum. 348, 8. pi. 88. 1827 (pro parte). 2 Bidens calif ornica DC. Prodr. 5: 599. 1836. Bidens decussata Pav. ex DC. loc. cit. Bidens pilosa var. b. discoidea Schz. Bip. in Barker- Webb & Berthe- lot, Hist. Canar. Isls. Ill, 2, pt. 2: 242. 1836-1850. Bidens ciliata Hoffmgg. ex Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 6:46.1839. Bidens hirsuta Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 7: 369. 1841. Bidens leucantha f. discoidea Schz. Bip. in Krauss, Beitr. Fl. Cap. Natal. 77. 1846. Bidens leucantha f. discoidea subf. Kraussii Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Bidens leucantha var. pilosa (L.) Griseb. Cat. 155. 1866. 1 Ricardi liber non visus sed nomen ex O. E. Schulzio (in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 134. 1911) acceptum. Spelled B. adherescens on Vellozo's plate. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXV BIDENS SAMBUCIFOLIA Cav. THE GENUS BIDENS 413 Kerneria pilosa (L.) Lowe Man. Fl. Madeira 1: 474. 1868. Kerneria pilosa var. /3. discoidea (Schz. Bip.) Lowe, loc. cit. Bidens pilosa var. I pilosa proper (L.) J. D. Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 309. 1881. Bidens montaubanii Phil. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 1891: 49. 1891 (B. montsulani sphalm in Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1: 56. 1901-1906). Bidens pilosa var. /3. discodea, [f.] 1. subsimplicifolia, [L] 2. ternata, [f.] 3. pinnata, and [f.] 4. subbiternata 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1:322. 1891. 1 Bidens pilosa sub var. /3. discoidea (Schz. Bip.) Pitard in Pitard & Proust, lies Canar. Fl. Archipel. 226. 1908. Bidens pilosa f. subsimplicifolia 0. Ktze. and f. subbiternata 0. Ktze. ex 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 133. 1911. Bidens pilosa var. discodea f. ternata 0. Ktze. and f. pinnata 0. Ktze. ex 0. E. Schulz, op. cit. 134. 2 a. Capitula normaliter discoidea B. pilosa sensu stricto- a. Capitula radiata radiis magnis parvisve. 6. Flores ligulati pro capitulo minuti, flavidi vel albidi, circ. 4-8 ' mm. longi. c. Foliola normaliter serrata membranaceaque, floribus ligulatis circ. 5-8 mm. longis var. /3. minor sensu stricto. c. Folia paucidentata ac valde membranacea, floribus ligulatis circ. 4 mm. longis var. /3. minor f. 1. umbrosa. b. Flores ligulati pro capitulo majores, flavidi vel albidi vel plus minusve rosacei. c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1-1.5 cm. lata. d. Plantae principaliter mexicanae sed usque ad Colombian! rarius extendentes. e. Folia pinnatim vel subbipinnatim partita foliolis ovatis lanceolatisve var. 77. calcicola sensu stricto. e. Folia bipinnata vel etiam tripinnatisecta segmentis linearibus vel anguste lanceolatis. var. 77. calcicola f. 1. dissecta. d. Plantae austro-americanae septentrionaliter ad Ecuado- riam vel rarius etiam usque ad Colombian! extendentes. 1 Cf. footnote under var. radiata. Kuntze (loc. cit.) does not make the status of "1. subsimplicifolia," etc., clear, but reference to a later volume (3, pt. 2: 137. 1898) shows that these were formae, as indeed they were later set forth by 0. E. Schulz (vide supra). 2 Bidens pilosa var. puberula Schz. Bip. (Flora 39: 356. 1856) was merely a nomen applied to Edelstan Jar din 42, Nukahiva, Marquesas Isls. I could not find authentic material of this number among Jardin's Nukahiva plants (Par.). 414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI e. Folia pinnato-quinquepartita vel biternatisecta vel tantum pinnatisecta, foliolis segmentisve saepius plus minusve ovatis var. e. alausensis. e. Folia plus dissecta, saepe tripinnatisecta, segmentis angustioribus var. e. alausensis f. 1. scandicina. c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin plerumque 1.5-3 cm. lata. 1 d. Folia pinnata, foliolis ovatis vel lanceolatis. e. Tota planta plerumque viridis, ligulis saepius flavidis vel albidis var. y. radiata. e. Tota planta plerumque pallido-caerulea, ligulis saepius rosaceis var. 8. bimucronata. d. Folia plus dissecta, plerumque bi- vel rarius tripinnata, segmentis angustioribus. .var. 5. bimucronata f. 1. odorata. Herba annua, erecta, ramosa, 0.3-1.8 m. alta; caule tetra- gono, glabrato vel saepe sparsissime piloso, stramineo-viridi vel purpurascenti. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-6.5 cm. longis, mem- branacea, marginibus serrata ciliataque, utrinque glabrata vel pilis inaequalibus adpressis disperse pilosa vel interdum dense tomentoso- pilosa; ima saepe simplicia, ovata, apice acuta, lamina 1.5-7 cm. longa; media plerumque 3-5 (vel etiam -7) -partita, petiolo adjecto 0.5-2 dm. longa, foliolo terminali oblongo-ovato vel lanceolato acuminate ad basim decurrenti, lateralibus proximis minoribus ovatis vel lanceolatis acutis sessilibus vel decurrentibus, infimis majoribus et breviter petiolulatis et rarissime plus minusve terna- tisecta; summa simplicia, lanceolata. Capitula discoidea vel inter- dum obsolete radiata, ad anthesin 7-8 mm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta, 25-40-flora, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1-9 cm. longis. Invo- lucri basis hispida; bracteis exterioribus 7-9, linearibus vel lineari- spathulatis, indurato-apiculatis, ciliatis, 4-5 mm. longis, quam interioribus lanceolatis brevioribus. Flores ligulati plerumque deficientes (rarissime minuti, 2-3 mm. longi, albidi vel flavido-albi). Achaenia linearia, recta vel marginalia subincurvata, obcompresso- tetragona vel subcomplanata, infra glabra, supra tuberculato-strigosa, 2- vel 3- (rarius 4- vel rarissime 5-) aristata aristis flavidis retrorsum hamosis 2-4 mm. longis, corpore 4-16 mm. longa, interiora superne elongata et marginalibus multo longiora. Type specimen: No particular specimen was mentioned. The first pre-Linnean synonym given by Linnaeus was the Bidens corona seminum retrorsum aculeata, seminibus undique patentibus 1 Var. f . Apiifolia intermedia est et var. alausensi ac var. radiatae affinis est. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CXVI bed BIDENS GARDNERI Baker .u OF THt HWMWTY flf IHWIS THE GENUS BIDENS 415 of the Hortus Cliff ortianus (p. 399. 1737). The first and only Hortus Cliffortianus synonym given was the Bidens latifolia hir- sutior, semine angustiore radiato of Dillenius (Hort. Eltham. 51. pi. 43. f. 51 and 1, 2, 3, 4- 1732). Dillenius' illustration was of a specimen still extant in the Dillenian Herbarium (Oxf.; vide p. 397, footnote 3), which is a slightly abnormal plant (as to leaves) of the at present widely known and accepted Bidens pilosa L. An excellent and more typical specimen is the one labeled Bidens pilosa in the official Linnean set at London (Linn.). Distribution: Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. In the Western Hemisphere from California southeastward through Mexico, Central America, and South America to Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay, also in the West Indies; throughout Africa; in southeastern Asia, East Indies, Australia, New Zealand, and many other islands of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Specimens examined: 1 LeRoy Abrams 2484, along streets, Ingle- wood, California, May 31, 1902 (Del.; Field; Kew; Phila.); anon. (Linn., 2 sheets, sub nominibus Bidente pilosa et B. pilosa var.); anon. 123, Manoa Valley, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., May 13, 1854 (Petrop.); C. F. Baker 2204, Masaya, Dept. Masaya, Nicaragua, January 27, 1903 (Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.); idem 3729, Claremont, California, October 1, 1903 (Del.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V.); J. H. Barber 158, Santa Monica Experiment Station, California, May 24, 1897 (Calif.); R. Baron 43, chiefly in Betsileo-land, Madagascar (Kew); Gust. Bernoulli 477, Chojoja near Mazatenango, Guatemala, Sep- tember, 1867 (Del.; N.Y.); Beyrich, sandy places around Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, January, 1845 (Boiss.); J. Bornmuller 743, in rubbish heaps, Funchal, Madeira, March 19, 1900 (Berl.; Mus. V.; U.V.); E. Bourgeau 150, San Angel, Federal Distr., Mexico, May 23, 1865-1866 (Kew) ; idem 847 pro parte, near Santa Cruz, Palma, Canary Isls., August 14, 1845 (Kew) ; L. J. K. Brace 4121, Albert Town, Long Cay, Bahamas, December 7-17, 1905 (Field); Ernest Braunton 674, Los Angeles, California, September, 1902 (Calif.); W. H. Brewer 285, Santa Barbara, California, March, 1861 (U.S.); N.L.Britton 2631, roadside, Grierfield near Moneague, Jamaica, April 3, 1908 (Field); W. E. Broadway 5128, St. Ann's 1 In the fruiting stage, specimens of the minutely radiate var. minor fre- quently look like those of the species proper and it is more than likely that several collections have been included here for B. pilosa whereas younger material (i.e., in its minutely radiate state) would have led to determination as var. minor. In a number of cases, I had determined specimens in certain herbaria as B. pilosa and later found the duplicates in other herbaria to be characteristic of the var. minor. In all such cases, as far as known, the collections are cited under that variety. 416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Cascade, Trinidad, November 27, 1923 (Del., 2 sheets); W. A. Bryan, Salt Lake, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., December 13, 1903 (Bish.); Otto Buchtien, alt. 2,450 meters, Cotana on the Ilimani River, Boli- via, November, 1911 (Field) ; idem, alt. 1,100 meters, Polo-Polo near Coroico, North Yungas, Bolivia, October-November, 1912 (Field); idem 287, alt. 2,100 meters, South Yungas, Bolivia, November 16, 1906 (Field) ; idem 1574, on roads, alt. 750 meters, San Carlos near Mapiri, Bolivia, September, 1907 (Field) ; idem 4409, Arica, Chile, Sep- tember, 1914 (Field); idem 5628 and 5628&W, alt. 1,400 meters, Hacienda Simaco on road to Tipuani, Bolivia, January, 1920 (Field ; forma nonnullis centralibus achaeniis elongatis atque eis Cosmidis non dissimilibus) ; F. S. Collins 8, roadside near Flatts, Bermuda, April 24, 1912 (Gray); idem 303, Middle Road, Bermuda, August 24, 1913 (Berl.; Kew); Conzatti & Gonzalez 1000, alt. 1,750 meters, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, July-August, 1900 (Berl.; Gray); C. C. Beam 241, alt. 126 meters, along river, Gualan, Guatemala, January 20, 1905 (Gray; Mo.); F. Didrichsen (Galathea Expedition) 3515 and 3520, Pulo Penang, Penang, Malay Peninsula, 1845-1847 (Cop.) ; idem 3547, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., eodem tempore (Cop., 2 sheets); idem 3625, Tahiti, Society Isls., eodem tempore (Cop.); Mrs. A. Dieterlen 2719, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, Leribe, Basutoland (Kew); Amalia Dietrich, near Brisbane River, eastern Australia, 1863-1865 (Mus. V.); David Douglas, California, 1833 (Brit.); idem 56, California, 1833 (Del.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; type material oiBidens calif ornica DC.); A. D. E. Elmer 3798, Santa Barbara, California, May, 1902 (Berl.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mus. V.); A. Engler 2506, high plain, Transvaal, August 20, 1905 (Berl.); Urbain Faurie 967, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., April, 1909 (Del.); A. Fendler 695 pro parte, Venezuela, 1854-1855 (Mo.); C. N. Forbes 2QQH, summit of Hualalai, Hawaii, Hawaiian Isls., June 18-21, 1911 (Bish.); idem 10620, Nuuanu Valley, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., January 24, 1909 (Bish.) ; George Gardner 501, Organ Mts. (Serra dos Orgaos), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mus. V.); Gamier 51, Madagascar, spring of 1869 (Par.); Claude Gay, Prov. Coquimbo, Chile, 1839 (Del.); A. Glaziou 8755, Brazil (Berl.); Goudot, vicinity of Tananarive, Madagascar (Del.); Ludwig Hahn 385, Martinique, December, 1867 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del., 2 sheets; Mus.V.); 0. Hansen, in mountains, Jamaica, January, 1897 (Cop.); A. A. Heller 2090, slopes of Makiki, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., April 5, 1895 (Boiss.; Field; Mo.); idem (similiter) 2090, along Hanapepe River, near the Falls, Kauai, Hawaiian Isls., July 2-8, 1895 (Field); idem (similiter) 2090, on Kaholuamanu, above THE GENUS BIDENS 417 Waimea, Kauai, Hawaiian Isls., September 2-9, 1895 (Bish.); Aug. Henry 108, in mountains, Formosa (Berl.); Heyde & Lux 4208 p.p., alt. 900 meters, Los Verdes, Dept. Amatitlan, Guatemala, November, 1892 (Berl., 2 sheets; Gray); William Hillebrand, Madeira, October, 1876 (U.V.); idem & J. M. Lydgate, Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.); C. Hoffmann 804, Costa Rica, 1857 (Berl.); (for R. F. Hohenacker 276, once referred here, see B. biternata); Fr. Holl, along stream near Funchal, Madeira, September 12, 1827 (Mus. V.); E. W. D. Holway 27, San Rafael, Dept. Guatemala, Guatemala, January 7, 1915 (Gray) ; J. D. Hooker, New Zealand (Kew) ; Hort. Bot. Berol. e seminibus e Mexicine missis (Berl.; type of Bidens reflexa Link); Hort. Elthamensis, sub No. 43.51.51 (Oxf.); T. Husnot, rocky places, Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, Canary Isls., March, 1866 (U.V., 2 sheets); Jenman 4984, Demerara River, British Guiana, March, 1889 (N.Y.); W. A. Kellerman 5321, Palmar, Dept. Quezal- tenango, Guatemala, February 11, 1906 (Field); idem 6436, alt. 237 meters, Retalhuleu, Dept. Retalhuleu, Guatemala, January 10, 1907 (Field); Ferd. Krauss, southern Africa, March, 1839 (Mun.); idem, eodem loco, 1842 (Flor.); F. M. Liebmann 634, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico, March, 1842 (Cop.); idem 635, Yavesta, Oaxaca, Mexico, September, 1842 (Cop., 2 sheets; forma foliis minoribus ac magis membranaceis, foliolis jugi inferioris tripartitis, achaeniis eis Bidentis bipinnatae aegre similibus; a Schultzio Bip. in herb, rite pro B. pilosa determinata) ; idem 653, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico, January, 1842 (Cop.) ; E. Langlasse 971, alt. 1,000 meters, clay soil, El Porvenir, southern Mexico, March 27, 1899 (Berl.; U.S.); F. E. Lloyd 111, Laudat, Dominica, West Indies, 1903 (Kew) ; J. F. Macbride 2683, Darien, Panama, February 23, 1923 (Field); idem 3174, Ambo, Peru (Field); idem 3180, alt. 2,100 meters, eodem loco, April 5, 1923 (Field); Mann & Brigham 49, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.; Corn.; Gray); W. R. Maxon 724, Annatto Bay, Jamaica, April 7, 1903 (U.S.); Katherine Mayo, Paramaribo, Surinam, May 10, 1905 (Phila.); E. A. Mearns, Baguio, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls., April, 1907 (Man.); C. F. Millspaugh 1275, Spot Bay, Grand Cayman Isl., West Indies, February 13-14, 1899 (Field); idem 2610, Oahua, Hawaiian Isls., September 12, 1911 (Field) ; Otto Moller, introduced, Isl. Amager, Denmark, October 20, 1895 (Cop.); Fred Muller 544 p.p., Orizaba, Mexico, 1855 (N.Y.); G. C. Munro 146, Palawai, Lanai, Hawaiian Isls., October 10, 1913 (Bish.) ; Thomas Nuttall, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls. (Brit., sub nom. B. pubescenti) ; idem, Hawaiian Isls. (Brit., sub nom. B. hirsuta); Richard Oldham 259, 418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Tamsuy, Formosa, 1864 (Boiss.; Mus. V.); C. R. Orcutt 120, Santo Tomas, Lower California, Mexico, September 24, 1884 (Field) ; idem 3026, Sanborn, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April 18, 1910 (Field) ; idem 5429, Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, November 17, 1910 (Mo.; forma achaeniis longioribus ac dense spinuloso-hispidis, eis non- nullarum var. bimucronatae formarum non valde dissimilibus) ; Corn. Osten 5978, Dept. Montevideo, Uruguay, March 3, 1912 (Field) ; Edward Palmer 440, Parras and vicinity, Coahuila, Mexico, October 6-11, 1898 (Calif.; Del., 4 sheets; Field; Mo.); idem (simi- liter) 440, vicinity of Mapimi, Durango, Mexico, October 21-23, 1898 (Kew); S. B. Parish 6486, alt. about 300 meters, damp land, meadows, swamps, San Bernardino Valley, California, September 21, 1907 (Field; forma nonnullis inferioribus foliolis, his tripartitis) ; idem & W. F. Parish 184, San Bernardino, California, July, 1881 (Berl.; Boiss.; U.V.); M. E. Peck 277, clearing near Manatee Lagoon, British Honduras, January 8, 1906 (Gray) ; Gustave Perdonnet 345, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1840-1846 (Boiss.); Philippi, Prov. Tarapaca, Chile, communic. 1888 (type material of Bidens Mon- taubanii Phil.) ; H. Pittier 4362, Mt. Carpintera, Costa Rica, August 2, 1891 (Gray); idem 9140, Guaremales near Urama, Carobobo, Venezuela, December 10, 1920 (Berl.); idem & Ad. Tonduz 8724, alt. 100 meters, forests of Tsuritkub, Costa Rica, April, 1894 (Boiss. ; forma umbrosa, foliis valde membranaceis) ; Poeppig 1569, very common along roads near Pampayacu, Dept. Huanuco, Peru, December, 1829 (Mus. V.); C. A. Purpus, San Luis Tultitlanapa, Puebla, Mexico, August, 1908 (Calif.); 1 Karl & Lily Rechinger 2043, slopes of the Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii, Hawaiian Isls., April, 1905 (Mus. V.); iidem 2139, ditches at Honolulu, Hawaii, Hawaiian Isls., April, 1905 (Mus. V.) ; A. F. Regnell III. 777, Caldas, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April 28, 1874 (Berl.); Reinecke 22, Samoa, 1893 (Boiss.); A. E. Ricksecker 473, spring garden, St. Croix, West Indies, July 13, 1896 (Mo.); J. Robertson 106, Stann Creek, British Honduras, February 20, 1890 (Brit.); F. A. Rogers 23904, crocodile farm, Barberton, Transvaal, December, 1920 (Kew); E. Rothschuh, alt. 1,000 meters, rain forest, Canada Yasica, Dept. Matagalpa, Nica- ragua, February 20, 1894 (Berl.); idem 244, on roads, eodem loco, August 19, 1893 (Berl.); H. H. Rusby 1619, alt. 1,800 meters, Yungas, Bolivia, 1885 (N.Y.) ; idem & R. W. Squires 232, Catalina, lower Orinoco River, Venezuela, May, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Phila.; U.V., 2 sheets); Satte, Orizaba, Mexico, 1 Two plants by Raunkiaer (Cop.), determined by me at first as B. pilosa, may have to be referred to B. domingensis (q. v.) if that species is to be retained. ield Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXVII BIDENS FLAGELLARIS Baker :::: " IQ RABY OF THt nf ILUNOiS THE GENUS BIDENS 419 1854-1855 (Del., 3 sheets); J. G. Schaffner 383, Tequisquiapan, Quere"taro, Mexico, October, 1880 (Gray; Kew; Mo.); Scherzer, alt. 1,230 meters, San Jose", Costa Rica (Mus. V.) ; L. Schlim 113, alt. 1,050 meters, Ocafia, Prov. Ocana, Colombia, September, 1850 (Del., 2 sheets) ; Schomburgk 455 p.p., British Guiana (Mus. V.) ; Ber- thold Seemann 270 p.p., Fiji Isls., 1860 (Del. ; Mus. V. ; nom. incolarum, Batimadramadra) ; idem 2047, Sierra Madre, northwestern Mexico (Kew); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 2534, San Andre's Osuna, Dept. Escuintla, Guatemala, May 7, 1896 (Berl.); Sieber 330, Martinique (Berl., 2 sheets; Mo.); P. Sintenis 391, in maritime and montane forests, Maricao, Puerto Rico, November 17, 1884 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Del.; Mo.); idem 4653, among bushes, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, June 24, 1886 (Del.; Mo.; U.V.); H. H. Smith 598, alt. 1,350 meters, Santa Marta, Colombia, December, 1898-1901 (Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mo.); idem 599, alt. 750 meters, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Man.; Mo.; Phila.); J. D. Smith 2350, alt. 1,500 meters, Guatemala, Dept. Guatemala, Guatemala, February, 1890 (Field) ; P. C. Standley 23977, alt. 75-225 meters, open slope, Quiri- gua, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala, May 15-31, 1922 (Mo.) ; J. F. G. Stokes, Kaali, Niihau, Hawaiian Isls., January, 1912 (Bish.); D. L. Topping 2833, garden, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., September 6, 1924 (N.Y.); C. H. T. Townsend A102, alt. 2,000 meters, near San Pedro, Ecuador, November 25, 1910 (U.S.); idem A200, alt. 1,350 meters, Hacienda Charape on the Rio Tabaconas, Prov. Jae"n, Peru, Sep- tember 18, 1911 (Field); H. H. Travers, introduced, swampy coast places, Wellington, North Isl., New Zealand, October, 1908 (Man.; forma foliis valde membranaceis et foliolis inferioribus subdivisis, aristis 2); J. Triana 1373, Colombia (Berl.; N.Y.); Knei Chen Ts'ao (Herb. Univ. Nanking No. 1549), Bau Hiva Shan, Kiangsu Prov., China, October 14, 1915 (Calif.; a second-growth form simulating B. Engleri, B. tenera, B. leptocephala, etc., in characters of the fruiting heads) ; Eugene Warming 38, Barbados, West Indies, November 13, 1891 (Cop.); idem 638, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brazil, March 17, 1864 (Cop.) ; idem 639 pro parte, eodem loco (Cop.) ; idem 640, Morro de San Antonio, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, May 7, 1863 (Cop.) ; idem 643 pro parte, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brazil (Cop.); Wawra (H. M. Maximilian's Journey to Mexico) 1035, Mirador and vicinity, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Mus. V.) ; idem (Circumnav. H. M. Frigate "Donau") 1811, Maui, Hawaiian Isls., 1868-1871 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); S. J. Whitmee, Samoa (Gray); Widgren 253, Caldas, Minas Geraes, Brazil, December 15, 1845 (Berl.; Cop.); C. S. 420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Williamson, Los Angeles, California, July 24, 1901 (Phila.); F. Wilms 845 p.p., Distr. Lydenburg, Transvaal, December, 1887 (Del.; Kew; U.V.); Hubert Winkler 101, Victoria, Kamerun (Berl.); Charles Wright 316, eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Boiss.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Phila.); idem 317 pro parte, eodem loco et tempore (Gray; Kew); idem (similiter) 317, eastern Cuba, 1860 (Mus. V.); H. Wydler 228, in cultivated places, Puerto Rico, May-June, 1827 (Del., 2 sheets; foliorum superiorum foliolis inferioribus tripartitis, forma Bidenti subalternanti aegre simili); Yates 632, Santa Barbara, Cali- fornia, October 3, 1894 (Boiss.); H. Zollinger II. 410, Java (Del.). 1 The pre-Linnean setting of B. pilosa has already been given (vide sub "Type specimen"). Much pertinent material will be found under the following varieties and formae. We may note the status of certain post-Linnean synonyms which either are not self-explana- tory or else do not receive adequate treatment in the list of "Speci- mens examined." The name Bidens reflexa Link has been variously construed by botanists during the past century. This is doubtless due to the fact that more than one species was obtained in European botanical gardens from supposedly B. reflexa achenes which had been sent out from Berlin. Thus, some of the B. reflexa material in the Berlin Herbarium is 5. pilosa L., while in the Herbarium of the University of Halle, for example, a specimen labeled "Bidens reflexa Hort. bot. Berol." is really B. serrulata (Poir.) Desf. Fortunately there exists in the Berlin Herbarium an original specimen by Link. Its main label says, in pencil, "Bidens sp. Mexico." In ink is written "reflexa m. (Link)." Another label says, "Bidens reflexa Link En. 2. p. 306. Hort. Bot. Berol." This specimen is clearly of Link's type material and matches his description, except that he erred in calling it a perennial, for it is an annual. It is nothing more than B. pilosa L., to which it must be referred. A careful study of Vellozo's description and illustration of his B. adhaerescens shows that plant to be none other than B. pilosa L. His description of the capitulum is not above criticism. In the short, abridged description at the beginning we read: "floribus terminalibus, discoideis," which would limit the description to B. pilosa proper. In the detailed description which follows, however, we read: "Co- 1 In South America B. pilosa, in common with such related species as B. Gardneri and B. riparia, is often called Picao (fide F. Hoehnei et al.). Concerning the value of B. pilosa as a forage plant, especially for horses with intestinal parasites, and as a plant to be considered in connection with bananas for cultivation, vide DeWildeman, PI. Util. Inter. 556-557. 1903. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXVIII a b BIDENS NUDATA Brandeg. Of THE GENUS BIDENS 421 rollula composite, quandoque radiata, radis octo ligulatis, albis." Thus it is seen that he really included also the plants with white rays, forms which today are separately treated as B. pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. 1 An original specimen of B. ciliata Hoffmgg. is in the collection of the younger Reichenbach at the Museum of Vienna. It was collected by Dr. Hoffmannsegg. It is a nearly glabrous plant, with discoid heads, and is typical B. pilosa L. In the original description it was differentiated from B. pilosa because of its polymorphous leaves, a character of no value here, since B. pilosa L., B. subalternans DC., and most other species of Bidens display a noticeable,some- times very high degree of foliar polymorphism. A sheet bearing two type specimens of B. Montaubanii Phil, is in Berlin (Berl.). These were received from Philippi. They display, in the narrowness of their leaflets, a superficial resemblance to certain specimens of the South American B. subalternans DC., but differ in having leaves pinnate, not bipinnate, and the achenes 2-aristate, not 2-4-aristate. A study of their foliage, achenes, and involucres shows that they are mere foliage forms of B. pilosa L. Bidens pilosa var. ft. minor (Bl.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 387. 1925. PI. CII, figs, c, d, and k-r. Coreopsis leucorrhiza Lour. Fl. Coch. ed. 1. 508. 1790 (ex descript. et patria). Coreopsis leucorhiza Lour. op. cit. ed. 2. 622. 1793 (ex descript. et patria). Bidens hispida H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 186 (237). 1820. Kerneria dubia Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24: 398. 1822 (pro parte). Bidens sundaica Blume, Bijdr. 913. 1826. Bidens sundaica var. minor Blume, op. cit. 914. Bidens (?) leucorhiza (Lour.) DC. Prodr. 5: 605. 1836. Bidens leucantha var. sundaica (Bl.) Hasskarl, Cat. PI. Hort. Bog. 100. 1844; etiam in Miquel, Fl. Ned. 2: 77. 1856-1859. Bidens andicola var. ft. Wedd. Chlor. And. 1: 70. 1855 (ex synon. H.B.K.). Bidens sundiaca Bl. ex Ind. Kew. 1: 301. 1895 (sphalm). Bidens aurantiaca Colenso, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. 27: 388. 1895. Bidens africana Klatt, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4: 464. 1896. 1 For an extended discussion of Vellozo and his work, see Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 4. 1842. 422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens pilosa var. brevifoliata Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 29: 48. 1900. Bidens pilosa var. dubia (Cass.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 135. 1911. 1 Foliola saepius acriter apicata et acriter serrata. Capitula subradiata. Flores ligulati 4-7, albidi vel sulphurei vel vivi saepe etiam aurei, supra irregulariter 3-5-lobulati, circ. 5-8 mm. longi, stylo deficiente vel 2 mm. longo ramis inaequilongis, ovario circ. 1 mm. longo plerumque 2- vel 3-aristato aristis 1-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: See discussion below. Distribution: Throughout most tropical and subtropical regions; in Central America and South America to Chile and Argentina; fre- quent in the West Indies; found over the entire continent of Africa; occurring in southeastern and southern Asia, Burma, etc. ; in Japan, Formosa, Ceylon, Australia, New Zealand, etc. ; in many of the East Indies and in widely separated insular localities of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Specimens examined: D. J. Anderson (Yunnan Exped.), China, March 19, 1868 (Boiss.); anon., St. Croix, West Indies (Cop.); anon., Kamwake-mura, Isl. Shikoku, Prov. Tosa, Japan, Nov. 23, 1896 (Berl.; sub nom. var. albiflora Maxim.); F. Bachmann 1585, 1588, and 1589, Pondoland, southeastern Africa, 1887-1888 (Berl.); J. Ball, alt. 450-1,800 meters, in valley of Rimac River, Peru, April, 1882 (Kew); Aug. Barbey, Baliagata, Calcutta, India, April 10, 1891 (Boiss.); G. L. Bates 39, Batanga, Kamerun, March 2, 1895 (Boiss.); G. Baur 111, Chatham Isl., Galapagos Isls., June, 1891 (Gray); Bertero 444, Quillota, Chile, September, 1829 (De\.);Blanchet 143, Bahia, Brazil (Del., 2 sheets); Blume, Java (Leyd., 2 sheets); idem, eodem loco (Leyd., sub nom. Bidente sundaica et B. sundaica var.); idem, eodem loco, 1836 (Brit.; Del.; Par.; Webb; sub nom. Bidente sundaica Bl.); idem 139, eodem loco (Brit., sub nom. Bidente leucantha var. sundaica Hassk.); F. R. Bona 131, Malaya Mts., Lepanto Subprov., Luzon, Philippine Isls., November-December, 1911 (Man.) ; W. E. Broadway 2280, common in ditches, Cangiehel, Santa Cruz, Trinidad, West Indies, August 11, 1908 (Field; Man.); O^o Buchtien, alt. 2,450 meters, Cotafia, Bolivia, November, 1911 (Field); idem 5629, alt. 1,400 meters, above the road to Tipuani, Bolivia, February, 1920 (Field; U.S.); W. Busse 939, Upper Ngaka Valley, German East Africa, 1901 (Berl.) ; idem 2480, Tand-ngongoro, Distr. Trindi, German East Africa, May 13, 1903 (Berl.); D. R. 1 Regarding Bidens pinnata Nor. (nomen), which applies perhaps equally to B. pilosa var. minor and to B. biternata, see under B. biternata. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXIX BIDENS BRASILIENSIS Sherff OF THt UNIVERSITY F { THE GENUS BIDENS 423 Buttner 29, Togo, Guinea, July 31, 1890 (Berl.); J- Cardoso, 244, Cape Verde Isls., 1895 (Berl.); J. Cavalerie 3697, in cultivated places, Pin-Fa, China, August 20, 1907 (Del.); Mrs. Evelyn Cecil 21, between Beira and Massi Kessi, Portuguese East Africa (Kew) ; Tang Chung Chang et al. 2859, grassy lawn, Fukien Christian Univ. Campus, Foochow, Fukien Prov., China, October 7, 1925 (Calif.); T. F. Cheeseman 30, Sunday Isl., Kermadec Isls., August, 1887 (Kew); J. & M. S. Clemens 4177, Hue Divide, Tourane, Annam, French Indo-China, July, 1927 (Calif.); W. Colenso, New Zealand, com- munic. 1897 (Kew, sub nom. Bidente aurantiaca Col.); Paul Conrath 395, Nodderfontein, Transvaal, 1896 (Berl.); Alice C. Cook 25, wet places, ravine (barranca) near Guia, Gran Canaria, Canary Isls., December, 1893 (Field); T. Cooper 1152, Natal, 1862 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); H. M. Curran 5019, Mt. Tonglon, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls., August, 1906 (Mo.) ; DeVore & Hoover 260, lowland, Santa Cruz, Distr. Davao, Mindanao, Philippine Isls., April 28, 1903 (Man.); Deschamps, Ceylon, 1891 (Del.); Dinklage 2117, Grand Bassa, Liberia, October 15, 1899 (Berl.; Gray); Drege 5084, South Africa (Berl.); W. Dudgeon & L. A. Kenoyer 426, alt. 1,200 meters, Himalaya Mts., India, May 30, 1920 (Mo.); Eggers 208, alt. 330 meters, Signal Hill, St. Thomas, West Indies, December, 1880 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, 2 sheets; Mun., 2 sheets; U.V., 2 sheets); idem 6251, infrequent on shore between Mt. Felix and Goyave, Grenada, West Indies, December 9, 1889 (Berl.); idem 7218, Forster's Hall Wood, Barbados, West Indies, January 24, 1890 (Berl.); Ehrenreich, Ceylon, May 18, 1893 (Berl.); A. D.E.Elmer 5769, Baguio, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls., February 29, 1904 (Berl.; Boiss.; Man.); Ernest Faber, Tung-kun, southern China (Del.); A. Fendler 695 pro parte, near Tovar, Ven- ezuela, 1854-1855 (Del.; Kew); E. Fenix, Baguio, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls., December 5, 1910 (Man. ; floris radicibusque faciendo Igaroteorum vim "sinisit" dicti lectis); Fraser, Ecuador, 1860 (Del.); Claude Gay, Chile (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V.); idem, Prov. Coquimbo, Chile, 1839 (Del.); 0. Gelert, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Canary Isls., April 22, 1897 (Cop.); A. Glaziou 4034, Brazil (Cop.); Hance 299, Hongkong, China (Gray); J. W. Harshberger, Pembroke Church, Bermuda, June 21, 1905 (Gray; Mo.); G. T. Hastings 570, in garden, Santiago, Chile, March, 1902 (Calif.); 0. Haught 4, Talara, Prov. Paita, Peru, 1925 (Field); Aug. Henry 75, Hongkong, China (Mo.); idem 108, Formosa (Mo.); idem 8769, Isl. Hainan, southeastern China, November, 1889 (Gray); Fr. Hens 424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 91, alt. 100-600 meters, Lute'te', Belgian Congo, February 1, 1888 (Del.); idem 94, alt. 500-600 meters, eodem loco, February 20, 1888 (Del.); idem 261, alt. 150-600 meters, eodem loco, February 1, 1888 (Boiss.; U.V.); J. M. Hildebrandt 1023, sterile ground, Zanzi- bar, October-November, 1873 (Berl. ; Mus. V., 2 sheets) ; idem 1640, Isl. Johanna (Isl. Anjouan), Comoro (Comore) Isls., June-August, 1875 (Berl.; Mus. V., 2 sheets); William Hillebrand 41, Makawao, eastern Maui, Hawaiian Isls. (Kew); C. Hoffmann 250, San Jose*, Costa Rica, September, 1854 (Berl.); Fr. Roll, along stream near Funchal, Madeira, cum specie ipsa, September 12, 1827 (Mus. V., 3 sheets); C. Hoist 4328, Gonja, Distr. Usambara, German East Africa, September, 1893 (Kew; Mus. V.);7. F. Holton, La Paila, Dept. Cauca, Colombia, May 19, 1853 (Del.); J. D. Hooker, alt. up to 1,500 meters, Sikkim, India (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Gray); idem & T. Thomson, alt. 1,200-1,500 meters, Mt. Khasia, India (Boiss.; Mus. V., 2 sheets); C. C. Hosseus "498a x ," alt. 1,050 meters, Doi- Sutep, Siam, April 14, 1905 (Mun.); HUgel, New Zealand (Mus. V.); Abdul Huk, Fort Stedman, Upper Burma, December, 1892 (Mus. V.); Humboldt & Bonpland, Caracas, Venezuela (Par., sub mss. No. 698 et nom. Bidente hispida); E. Jahandiez, Bufadero, Teneriffe, Canary Isls., January 6, 1911 (Boiss.) ; Pedro Jorgensen, Mendoza, Argentina, 1908 (Cop.); Junghuhn 290, Java (Gray); idem 311, Java (Gray); idem 357, Mt. Dieng, Java (Gray; Leyd.); idem 376 (Gray); H. Junod, Delagoa Bay, Mozambique, 1890 (Boiss.); Kandt 105, alt. 1,700 meters, Mt. Niansa, Ruanda, German East Africa, 1906 (Berl., 2 sheets); A. F. G. Ken 743, alt. 720 meters, Djing-Mai (Chieng-Mai), Doi-Sutep, Siam, August 8, 1909 (Berl.); R. Lan- dauer, Mariannhill, Natal (Berl.); LeGuillon, Raffles Bay, north coast of Australia, 1841 (Par.) ; idem, Java, 1841 (Par.) ; idem, Akaroa, Banks Peninsula, Middle Isl., New Zealand, 1841 (Par.); Lehmann 58, Lindanglaja, west Java, February, 1890 (Berl.); Leschenault, Ceylon, 1823 (Del.); A. Letourneux, in marshes, banks of Lake Mariot (Lake Mariut), Egypt, June, 1876 (Cop., 2 sheets); C. 0. Levine 278, Honam Isl., Prov. Kwangtung, China, October 1, 1917 (Mo.); J. A. Lorzing 153, alt. about 1,650 meters, north Sendara, central Java, January 25, 1912 (Berl.; nom. vernac., Kettul); H. Lynes 23, alt. 1,950 meters, Nuiruya, Jebel Marra (Marrah Mts.), Darfur, Sudan, February, 1922 (Kew); J. F. Macbride 2898, weed of fields, railway grades, etc., alt. about 2,400 meters, Matucana, Peru, March 14-18, 1923 (Field); idem 3179, alt. about 2,100 meters, stony river-flat, Ambo, Peru, April 5, 1923 (Field) ; G. Mandon 134, grav- Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXX a he g i f BIDENS RIEDELII Baker (tigs, o-fc); var. HASSLERIANA Chod. (fig. I) Tt 81 s THE GENUS BIDENS 425 elly and rocky places near Funchal, Madeira, February, 1865 (Berl. ; Boiss.; Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V., 2 sheets; plantae specie! ipsi adpro- pinquantes); Manggerai 22, Isl. Flores, Dutch East Indies, August 28, 1918 (Buit.); Martins 819, Brazil (Mus. V.); idem 842, Brazil (Berl.); Maximowicz, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., 1854 (Kew); R. C. McGregor, Dupax, Prov. Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon, Philippine Isls., March- April, 1912 (Cam.; Field); idem 861, Lutab to Kabayan, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, June, 1909 (Man.); idem 3637, Prov. Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon, January 15, 1913 (Man.); idem 3865, Mt. Polis, Subprov. Ifugao, Luzon, February 1, 1913 (Man.); A. Meebold, alt. 600 meters, Kandy, Ceylon, March, 1905 (Berl.); E. D. Merrill, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Isls., October-November, 1905 (Berl.) ; idem, Honam Isl., Kwangtung Prov., October 13-November 9, 1916 (Calif., 2 sheets; nom. sinensi, Kam p'un ngan chan); idem 1781, alt. 1,200-1,400 meters, open, disturbed soil of railway grade, Baguio, Benguet Subprov., Luzon, May 12, 1914 (Man.; Mo.); idem 6548, Mt. Pulog, Prov. Benguet, Luzon, May, 1909 (Man.); idem 6988, alt. 1,725 meters, thickets at old crater of Canlaon Volcano, Negros, Philippine Isls., April, 1910 (Field; Man.); C. F. Millspaugh 81, Walsingham, Bermuda, December 31, 1898 (Field); Milne, waste places, Isle of Pines, October, 1853 (Kew); A. Moc- querys 44, San Thome", Roca Ledroma, Portuguese West Africa, 1899 (Del.); R. P. Murray, Teror, Gran Canaria, Canary Isls., May 13, 1892 (Boiss.); G. Nakahara 283, Formosa, August, 1905 (Man.); F. G. Overlaet, Kafakumba, Belgian Congo, April, 1925 (Field, 3 sheets); L. R. Parodi 7305, Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, October 16, 1926 (Gray); idem 7309, eodem loco, October 17, 1926 (Gray); A. Petelot 129, edges of roads, Cho Ganh, French Indo- China, April, 1920 (Calif.); Peters 8 and 79, Mozambique (Berl.); C. J. Pitard 189, Barranco de Bufadero, Teneriffe, Canary Isls., March 18, 1905 (Berl.; Mo.; var. radiatae adpropinquans) ; H. Pittier 683 and 684, alt. 1,500-1,900 meters, Cuesta de Tocota, road from Buenaventura to Call, western Cordilleras, Cauca, Colom- bia, December, 1905 (U.S.); idem 980, prairies, La Uruca, Costa Rica, February, 1888 (Boiss.); idem 3031, Costa Rica, 1890 (Boiss.); idem 6990, alt. 1,500 meters, San Rafael de Cartago, Costa Rica, August 28, 1892 (Berl.) ; H. Polakowsky 362, San Jose", Costa Rica, November, 1875 (Berl.); Von Prittwitz und Gaffron 272, Lager, German East Africa, July 7-8, 1901 (Berl.); Maximo Ramos 5550, Rio Trinidad, Benguet Prov., Luzon, December 12, 1908 (Berl.; Man.); Dr. & Mrs. J. N. Rose 18740 p.p., Santa Clara, Peru, July 18, 426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 1914 (U.S.); H. H. Rusby 1620, Tacna, Chile, March, 1885 (N.Y.; Phila.); K. Saida, Tokyo, Japan (Berl.); A. Sauliere, alt. 2,115 meters, Kodai-kanal, Pulney Hills, Madura District, Presidency of Madras, India (Man.); F. Schickendantz 127, Fuerte de Andalgala, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, May, 1879 (Berl.); Rudolph Schlechter 2133, alt. 230 meters, Zuurbraak, Cape Colony, January 19, 1893 (Berl. ; Boiss. ; Kew; Mus. V. ; U.V.) ; G. Schweinfurth 112, Nile Valley, Egypt, 1887 (Berl.) ; idem 419 p.p., vicinity of Cairo, Egypt, September 25, 1864 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Mus. V.); Berthold Seemann 2265, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., 1850 (Kew) ; Eduard & Caecilie Seler 2692 and 2694, Chacula, Dept. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, August 20, 1896 (Berl.); E. E. Sherff 2043, cult., Chicago, Illinois, October 7, 1915, e seminibus e Horto Bot. Raoul., Papeete, Tahiti (Field); A. Sodiro 4314 (43/4 fide Hieronymi), Ecuador (Berl., 2 sheets; type material of Bid ens pilosa var. brevifoliata Hieron.); Mary F. Spencer, alt. 100 meters, Taormina, Sicily, January-February, 1904 (Gray); Ad. Stolz 627, alt. 600-1,500 meters, Kyimbila, Nrulila (vicinity of Lan- genburg at north end of Lake Nyassa), Nyassa Highland, March 8, 1911 (Berl., 2 sheets; Cop.; Del., 3 sheets; Mus. V.); R. Strachey & J. E. Winterbottom 2, alt. 1,110 meters, Ramgungu River, Kumaon, India (Brit. ; Kew) ; Stuhlmann 9624, Uluguru, German East Africa, November 20, 1894 (Berl.); Styles, Chile (Phila.); Fedor Tagor 384, Java, 1859 (Berl.); T. Thomson 869, Kumaon, India, May- June, 1845 (Kew, 2 sheets); Thwaites 3630, Ceylon (Boiss.; Del.); Ad. Tonduz 498, alt. 1,752 meters, orillas de la Laguna de Caldera, Volcan de Pacaya, Guatemala, April 6, 1921 (Mo.); idem 695, roads and plantings at San Jose", Costa Rica, June, 1892 (Boiss.); William Trelease 437, Sao Jorge, Azores, June 23, 1894 (Mo.); E. Ule 835, weed in fields, Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil, August, 1888 (Berl.) ; idem 4493, roadsides, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Au- gust, 1897 (Berl.); Vahl, Ribeira de Fayal, Madeira, August 5, 1901 (Cop.) ;S. Venturi 8810, alt. 1,200 meters, Cerro el Noglito, Dept. Bur- royaco, Prov. Tucuman, Argentina, April 12, 1929 (Gray) ; Verreaux 532, Australia, 1845-1846 (Par., 2 sheets) ; Seb. Vidal, Miagao, Prov. Ilo-ilo, Panay, Philippine Isls. (Kew); idem 1514, 3133, and 3138, northern Luzon, Philippine Isls. (Kew); Voeltzkow 211, Comoro Isls., 1903 (Berl.); G. Volkens 682, alt. 1,550 meters, Kilimanjaro region, German East Africa, August 15, 1893 (Berl.; Boiss.; Kew); Walker, Ceylon (Del.); Warburg 413, Bombay, India (Berl.); idem 418, Nilgiri Hills, India (Berl.); Wawra 353, Ascension Isl., east Atlantic, 1857-1858 (Mus. V.); Welwitsch 3959, Distr. Golungo Alto, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXI c b BIDENS CHODATI Hassl. OF Tt THE GENUS BIDENS 427 Angola (Cop.); Alexander Whyte, alt. 1,050-1,200 meters, Tangan- yika Plateau, July, 1896 (Kew); idem, alt. 1,950-2,100 meters, Masuku (Masukwo) Plateau, northwest of Lake Nyassa, eodem tempore (Kew); Wichura 2200, Gedang Bendang, Java, November 21, 1861 (Berl.);F. Wilms 844, Lydenburg, Transvaal, December, 1887 (Berl.; Del.; Kew); Charles Wright, Hongkong, China, 1853- 1856 (Gray); idem, Loo-Choo Isls., 1853-1856 (Gray; U.S.); Zech. 276, Kratschi, Togo, 1900 (Berl.) ; H. Zollinger 401, Java (Del., 3 sheets; Par.); idem 816, eodem loco (Del., 2 sheets; Par.). Bidens pilosa L. has among its various varieties and formae a subradiate variety, widely distributed in both hemispheres. This was observed by Cassini. 1 0. E. Schulz (loc. cit.) has employed for it the varietal name dubia, but the synonymous Bidens sundaica Bl. had already been reduced to varietal rank by Hasskarl (loc. cit.) in 1844, and so takes precedence over the name dubia. In his original description Blume (loc. cit.) listed a variety minor, "caule foliisque humilioribus. Crescit: cum praecedente [i.e., B. sundaica ips., prope Buitenzorg, Java]." Recently, through the kindness of Dr. J. W. C. Goethart, Director of the Royal Herbarium at Leyden, I was privileged to examine early specimens by Blume and by Jung- huhn, from Java. Three sheets (Nos. 900,146 ... 72 pro parte; 900,146 ... 73; 900,146 ... 75) bear excellent specimens of Blume's Bidens sundaica. A few minute rays are present. The first of these sheets bears also the basal part of a specimen (and a fruiting branch which probably belonged to it), labeled unmistakably in Blume's own handwriting, "Bidens Sundaica Variet." Dr. Goethart (in lit.) very properly regards this as "probably type of var. minor." The one fruiting head still attached to the rather depauperate basal portion exactly matches the others on the B. sundaica plants. A fourth sheet bears still more depauperate material collected by Dr. Fr. Junghuhn, No. 357, on Mt. Dieng, Java. It is labeled in Miquel's 2 handwriting (fide Goethartii in lit.) as a depauperate forma of B. sundaica Bl. Indeed, its three specimens (one of them, in flower, 1 "... les calathides, composees d'un disque jaune et d'une couronne blan- chatre, sont larges de cinq lignes. . . . Nous ayons observe, pendant plusiers annees, des individus vivans de cette espece, cultives au Jardin du Roi, et nous avons remarque que leurs calathides etoient le plus souvent incouronees, rarement radiees. Dans ce dernier cas, la couronne etoit composee de cinq a sept fleurs, dont la corolle avoit le tube court, et la languette courte, large, orbiculaire, tridentee au sommet, multinervee, a nervures jaunatres. . . . "- Cassini, loc. cit. 2 Miquel (loc. cit.) cites a depauperate form collected by Junghuhn: "B. leucantha /3. sundaica Hassk. I.e. p. 100, cujus auctoritate formam hanc alioquin satis constantem hue retuli. Formam omnibus partibus depauperatam in elevati- oribus montanis Javae insulae el. Jungh. legit." 428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI having the tiny rays very evident) are so obviously a merely less developed form of B. sundaica, that few if any authors today would seek to draw any distinctions. It is evident that the actually equivalent name minor, given varietal status long before the name sundaica was, must in turn take precedence, supplanting both sundaica and dubia. 1 Blume's description, "B. floribus subradiatis ..." is matched by upwards of a thousand specimens examined in the past few years. It is represented in particular by several of Blume's own specimens (Brit., sub numero 139; Del.; Par.; Webb). In the Delessert, Paris, and Webb herbaria the heads are mostly rayless, perhaps having had the few rays removed in previous examinations. The foliage aspect, however, is definitely that of the ordinary subradiate variety. Fur- thermore, the plant at the British Museum of Natural History is definitely subradiate. 2 Even earlier than Blume's var. minor is Bidens pilosa var. chi- nensis L. Mantiss. PI. 281. 1771, a name omitted from the foregoing list of synonyms. 3 Linnaeus' original description follows: "Habitat in India orientali. H.U. Planta simillima Bid. pilosae, si non eadem, sed radio diversa. Folia supra nuda, sicca ut fere scariosa. Flosculi marginales nivei (nee albi) tamen hermaphroditi fertiles; primo anno sati erant conformes flosculis disci, nee majores, altero anno erant radio explanato quinquefioro piano parvo. Semina radii aristis 4. s. 5, quae in B. pilosa vulgari radiis 2. s. 3." It is seen that the Linnean plants, in the first year of their sowing (they were annuals of course), had no ray flowers and thus were typical B. pilosa. In a subsequent year, five small rays appeared. It would seem that if Linnaeus' observations were flawless, and not founded upon confused forms, the reason for distinguishing our minor varietally (i.e., its constancy) would automatically disappear. If we consider, however, the color of the rays in the later plants, it is seen that some were glistening- or snowy-white while some were 1 Cf. O. E. Schulz (Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 179. 1914), ". . . dagegen gehoren B. sundaicus . . . und var. minor . . . wahrscheinlich zu B. pilosus L. var. dubius (Cass.) 0. E. S." In herbarium determinations, I have not differentiated between forms having or lacking aristae on the ovaries of the ligulate florets. 2 In my cultural observations the var. minor appeared to come very true to a given type. For example, in some two dozen plants (Sherff 2043) raised in 1915 from achenes on specimens sent by Mr. St. Ahnne (Bot. Gard. Raoul, Papeete, Tahiti), the hundreds of flowering heads had uniformly tiny, distinctly yellowish, ligulate florets, as had been observed on the parent material. 3 As also its equivalent, Glossogyne chinensis (L.) Less. Syn. Composit. 212. 1832. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXII BIDENS ANGUSTISSIMA H.B.K. (figs, h-m); var. LIN1FOLIA (Schz. Bip. ex Klatt) Sherff (figs, a-g) OF Tht mtWHNMTY flf THE GENUS BIDENS 429 other shades. 1 My field and herbarium observations indicate a pronounced constancy in the ray color for any one collection of plants of var. minor. Therefore, it appears probable that some of the smaller-rayed forms of B. pilosa var. radiata composed at least a part of the later material examined by Linnaeus. His her- barium affords no help in solving the matter. 2 Surely, there is so much of uncertainty in the application of the Linnean concept that it appears unwise to adopt it as against the clear and certain con- cept associated with the varietal name minor. 3 Bidens aurantiaca Colenso has its description ("Florets . . . small, bright dark orange: ray-few, . . . ") supplemented by the authentic Colenso specimen at Kew. This has the one flowering head now lacking rays, but the aspect of the various critical struc- tures is more properly that of the variety minor than of B. pilosa proper. Klatt's type of B. africana, as already pointed out (Bot. Gaz. 85: 14. 1928), was a plant collected by Dr. C. Keller, on Reunion Island, summer of 1886. The herbarium containing the type was not cited nor have I succeeded in locating an authentic specimen. At Gray Herbarium are various tracings by Klatt, which form an important part of the Klatt Herbarium obtained by that institution some years ago. One of these is of B. africana. The plant represented is seen to be widely remote from B. Lantanoides Gray and B. hawai- ensis Gray, with which Klatt compared it in his original description. The tracing, construed with Klatt's description (" . . . Die eiformi- gen Strahlbliiten sind 2-3 mm. lang . . . "), shows that the plant was, beyond all reasonable doubt, merely a simple-leaved form of B. pilosa var. minor. Bidens pilosa var. /3. minor f. 1. umbrosa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 394. 1930. Herba gracilis. Folia valde membranacea, 3-5-partita foliolis ovatis vel rhomboideo-ovatis, paucidentatis. Capitula minute radi- ata, pansa ad anthesin tantum circ. 6-7 mm. lata et 5-6 mm. alta. 1 1 assume that "nivei (nee albi)" is not a misprint and construe it in appar- ently the only permissible way: "snowy-white (also, not white)." 2 There are four sheets pinned together; one, correctly labeled Bidens pilosa; a second, labeled "B. pilosa variety" and determined by me as B. pilosa; a third, from the Hortus Upsalensis, with merely the inscription "Radio albo," and belonging to B. pilosa var. minor; a fourth, with the inscription (on back of sheet, "Rumph. amb. 6, t. 15") and identified by me as B. pilosa. 3 It may be noted that O. E. Schulz has likewise declined, in his writings upon Bidens, to adopt the name chinensis for this variety. 430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Flores ligulati circ. 4 vel 5, flavidi, circ. 4 mm. longi. Achaenia circ. 18-24, linearia, nigra, biaristata, 6-10 exteriora clavata atro-rubida corpore tantum circ. 4-5 mm. longa aristis demum saepe caducis, interiora nigra magis attenuata corpore 9-14 mm. longa. Type specimen : Collected by Christian Julius Wilhelm Schiede, in shady places between Las Trojes and Hacienda de la Trinidad, State of Michoacan, Mexico, October (Berl.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in State of Michoa- can, Mexico. Specimens examined : Schiede (type and 2 cotype specimens, Berl.). Bidens pilosa var. 7. radiata Schz. Bip. in Barker-Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Canar. Ill, 2": 242. 1836-1850. PI. GUI, figs. a-h. Coreopsis leucanthema L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 291. 1759 (exclud. syn. Tournef.); Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1228. 1759. Coreopsis coronata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1281 (ex syn. Vaill. et Plum. sed non ex descript. vel patria). Coreopsis leucantha L. op. cit. 1282. Kerneria tetragona Moench, Meth. 595. 1794 (ex descript.). Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1719. 1804. Kerneria leucantha (L.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24: 398. 1822. Bidens abortiva Schum. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. PI. 155 (381). 1827 (ex descript.). Bidens adhaerescens Veil. Fl. Flum. 348, 8, pi. 88. 1827 (pro parte). 1 Bidens striata Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 1. 3, pi. 237. 1828. Bidens oxyodonta DC. Prodr. 5: 600. 1836. Bidens pilosa L radiata Schz. Bip. in Krauss, Beitr. Fl. Cap. Natal. 77. 1846 (ex synon. B. leucantha Willd., excl. plantam Kraussii quae5. biternata var. glabrata f. abyssinica est). Bidens pilosa var. leucantha (L.) Harv. Fl. Cap. 3: 133. 1865; cf. 0. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV, 5: 244. 1890. Kerneria pilosa var. radiata (Schz. Bip.) Lowe, Man. Fl. Madeira 1: 474. 1868. Bidens pilosa var. leucantha f. subsimplicifolia, f. ternata, f. pilosior, and f. subbiternata O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 1: 322. 1891. 2 1 For treatment of B. adhaerescens see under B. pilosa proper. This name was spelled B. adherescens on the plate cited (pi. 88). 2 At least as to his synoptical arrangement of forms. The descriptions given by Kuntze are hasty and inadequate; they do not admit of identification. Nor Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXIII BIDENS ANDICOLA H.B.K. (figs, a-d, h-p); var. COSMANTHA (Griseb.) Sherff (fig. e); var. DECOMPOSITA O. Ktze. (figs. /, g) of THE GENUS BIDENS 431 Acocotli quauhuahuacensis Hernandez ex Mat. Med. Mex. 2: 154. 1898 (pro parte; cf. var. bimucronatam) . Bidens pilosa var. humilis Walp. ex Reiche, Fl. Chile 4: 102. 1905 (Bidens leucantha var. /3. Meyen & Walp. Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 19, Suppl. 1: 271. 1843). l Bidens leucanthema (L.) Krause in Sturm, Fl. Deutsch. ed. 2. 13: 159. 1905. Bidens pilosa sub var. radiata (Schz. Bip.) Pitard ex Pitard & Proust, lies Canar. Fl. de Archipel. 226. 1908. Bidens Wallichii var. albiflora Max. ex Matsum. Ind. PI. Jap. 2, pt. 2: 631. 1912 (ex syn. B. leucantha Willd.). Bidens pilosa var. albiflora Max. in Somoku Dzusetsu, ed. Makino (Iconogr. PI. Nippon) 15: pi. 58. 1912. a. Caules vel rami inferiores plerumque decumbentes. b. Caules magni, demum 1.5-3 m. longi f. 3. decumbens. b. Caules parvi, plerumque 1-3 dm. longi f . 2. Dondiaefolia. a. Planta erecta. b. Folia plerumque 3-5-partita var. radiata sensu stricto. 6. Folia indivisa f. 1. indivisa. Caulis parum humilior, foliorum foliolis forsan saepius ovatis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-3 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, ligula elliptico-obovati, apice subtrun- cati, albi vel luteoli, saepe nervis purpurascentibus percursi vel raro omnino rosacei vel purpurascentes, 0.7-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia ple- rumque breviora, 5-9 (rarissime -12) mm. longa. Aliter a specie videtur non differe. Type specimen: Collected somewhere in America, the exact locality not stated. See discussion below. Distribution: Abundant in Florida; occurring infrequently in Louisiana, Arizona, and California; distributed widely through Mexico, Central America, and South America to Chile and southern- most Brazil; in Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and on many other islands of the West Indies; in Africa scattered from Egypt, can they always be definitely applied on having recourse to Kuntze's herbarium specimens (e.g., in Herb. N. Y.), as he labeled his plants so carelessly that widely different forms are found to have been given the same name (cf. O. E. Schulz, Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 139. 1911: "Sine dubio pleraque specimina ab O. Kuntze I.e. commemorata ad species propinquas pertinent"). 1 Original description inadequate: "/3, humilis, spithamaea, foliis plerisque simplicibus, paucis uniiugis, capitulis solitariis. Brasilia: Rio de laneiro." Refer- ence to var. radiata is made here solely because the original description was set by its authors (Meyen and Walpers) under "Bidens leucantha Willd." 432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Tunis, etc., southward through British East Africa, Dar-fur of the Sudan, Rhodesia, etc., to the Cape of Good Hope; in Asia from Corea southward through China to Siam and westward into British East India; also in the Liu-kiu Islands, the Canary Islands, and many other insular groups of tropical regions. l Rarely adventive on ballast, etc., outside its natural range (e.g., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Specimens examined: R. C. Alexander, Diablo, Jamaica, 1849 (Kew) and 1850 (Gray; Kew); anon. (Linn., sub nom. Leucanthema radio albo) ; anon., Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Septem- ber, 1868 (Phila.); A. A. Baldwin 47, Merritt's Isl., Florida, De- cember 17, 1892 (Penn.) ; Gust. Bernoulli 1205, Chojoja near Maza- tenango, Guatemala, December, 1870 (Berl.; Del.; Kew; N.Y.); Bernoulli & Cario 1492, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Kew); iidem 1552, Quezaltenango, Guatemala, July, 1876 (Kew); Bert ero, Isl. Santo Domingo (Berl.; Del.; type material of Bidens oxyodonta DC.); idem 844, Quillota, Chile (Del}; Bitting 1297, Ovedo, Florida, March 13, 1892 (Field) ; J. C. Blumer 2144, alt. 1,680 meters, Wilgus Ranch, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September 4, 1907 (Field); B. G. C. Bolland 6, Meadi, Cairo, Egypt, January 10, 1913 (Kew); Charles Bolle, Teneriffe, Canary Isls., November 17, 1851 (Berl.; var. minori adpropinquans) ; Joseph Bornmuller 2437, Santa Cruz, Palma, Canary Isls., April 24, 1901 (Del; Mo.; Phila.); MateoBotteri, Mexico, in 1856 (Del., 2 sheets); E. Bourgeau 215 pro parte, somewhat moist places, Mesa de Mota, Teneriffe, Canary Isls., January 23, 1845 (Kew; var. minori adpropinquans); idem 847 pro parte, moist fields, St. Sebastian, Gomera, Canary Isls., April 11, 1849 (Del.); idem 2253, Valley of Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1866 (Kew); idem 2561, abundant at Orizaba, Mexico, July 8, 1866 (Del., 2 sheets; Kew); idem 2681, region of Orizaba, Mexico, July 17, 1866 (Berl.; Cop.; Gray; Kew; U.S.);L. J. K. Brace 1946, Cherokee (Cheroki) Sound, Great Abaco Isl., Bahamas, December 29, 1904 (Field); idem 5091, Andros Isl., Bahamas, August 18-September 10, 1906 (Field); A. C. Brade 2167, Tablazo, Costa Rica, December 21, 1908 (Berl.) ; N. L. & E. G. Britton & J. A. Shafer 158, Tampa, Florida, March 7-8, 1903 (Cam.) ; N. L. Britton & C. F. Millspaugh 2596, waste places, Eight Mile Rock, Great Bahama Isl., Bahamas, February 5-13, 1905 (Field); W. E. Broadway 2690, San Juan, 1 Biologically the var. radiata is best typified by such material as is found in Florida and the West Indies, while the var. minor is best typified by specimens of the Orient. In the Canary Islands and a few other places these two varieties tend to approach each other or to intergrade. In Mexico and the West Indies var. radiata tends at times to approach var. bimucronafa. THE GENUS BIDENS 433 Trinidad, West Indies, May 20, 1908 (Field) ; Stewardson Brown 14, Mandeville, Jamaica, February 15-26, 1910 (Phila.); idem & N.L. Britton 125, waste land, Paget, Bermuda, August 31-September 20, 1905 (Field; Kew); iidem 179, Hamilton, Bermuda, August 31- September 20, 1905 (Field; Phila.); Otto Buchtien 117, alt. 2,450 meters, Cotafia, on the Ilimani River, Bolivia, November, 1911 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew) ; Emile Burdet 300, Egypt, November 22, 1889 (Del.); A. B. Burgess 575, New Smyrna, Florida, March 29-31, 1904 (Berl.); idem 639, Cape Canaveral, Florida, April 2-5, 1904 (Berl.) ; Dr. & Mrs. P. P. Calvert, Cartago, Costa Rica, November 30, 1909 (Penn.); J. R. Churchill, Port Antonio, Jamaica, March 7-26, 1897 (Field; Gray); W. N. Clute 33, Bog Walk, Jamaica, February 4, 1900 (Phila.); F. S. Collins 21, roadside, Walsingham, Bermuda, April 28, 1912 (Gray); idem 44, roadside near Flatts, Bermuda, May 1, 1912 (Gray); idem 301, very common, roadside, Flatts, Bermuda, July 27, 1913 (Berl.; Kew); idem 302, roadside, Paget, Bermuda, August 21, 1913 (Berl. ; Kew) ; Rob. Combs 432, Cieneguita, Distr. Cienfuegos, Prov. Santa Clara, Cuba, August 8 (fide lectoris ipsius inscript.), 1895 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.); Alice C. Cook 694 pro parte, Tafira, Gran Canaria, Canary Isls., June, 1897 (Cam.; Phila.); T. Cooper 2520, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, 1862 (Kew; var. minori adpropinquans) ; J. P. Couthouy, Andes, Quito, Ecuador. 1855 (Phila.); A. H. Curtiss 658, waste places near Havana, Cuba, February 25, 1905 (Brit.; Cop.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); idem 1498, Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, June (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Kiel; Mun.; Penn.; U.V.); idem 5387, cultivated and waste grounds, Palm Beach, Florida, May 13, 1895 (Boiss.; Del.; Kew; U.V.); W. J. Dowson 189, Nairobi, British East Africa, Sep- tember 27, 1915 (Kew); Eggers 3379, Je>e"mie, Haiti, January 18, 1888 (Cop.) ; idem 3982, Fortune Isl., Bahamas, February 11, 1888 (Cop.); C. Ehrenberg 440 pro parte, Mineral del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, October (Berl.) ; idem 471, Real del Monte (Berl.) ; A. Fendler 695 pro parte, near Tovar, Venezuela, 1854-1855 (Del. ; e Bidente domingensi 0. E. Schz. vix differt) ; J. R. Ferrie 95, Naze, Isl. Amainie- Oshema, Riu-Kiu (Loo-choo, Liu-kiu, etc.) Isls., March-April, 1897 (Del.); Nettie F.Flynn 79, Bermuda, March 16, 1910 (Mo.); A.Fred- holm 6277, Hillsborough Co., Florida, February 28, 1904 (Gray); H. Galeotti 2278, moist fields, Cordillera, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, October, 1840 (Del.); G. F. Gaumer, Izamal, Yucatan, Mexico, in 1888 (Kew) ; idem 129, Cozumel Isl., Quintana Roo, Mexico, June 11, 1885 (Kew; Phila.); idem 451 p.p., Izamal, Yucatan, Mexico, 1895 434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI (Gray; Kew; Mo.); idem 632, Yucatan (Berl.; Boiss.; Mo.); idem 1469, Chichankanab, Yucatan, Mexico (Berl.); Gay, Coquimbo, Chile, 1839 (Del.); Germain, in fields, Quillota, Chile, 1855-1856 (Del., 2 sheets); J. M. Greenman 172, near Cordoba, Vera Cruz, January 25, 1906 (Field); Josiah Gregg, Parras, Coahuila, Mexico, May 16, 1847 (Gray); J. W. Harshberger, Big Hammock, Miami, Florida, August 12, 1911 (Penn.); idem, bay beach, Sanibel Isl., Lake Okeechobee, Florida, June 10, 1912 (Penn.); idem 89, Navy Isl., Port Antonio, Jamaica, July 10, 1901 (Phila.); A. A. Heller 6428, in sand near the sea at Santurce, Puerto Rico, January 19, 1903 (Field; Del.; Mo.); idem et uxor 6, Puerto Rico, 1899 (Brit.; Kew); Aug. Henry 1111, Ichang, Prov. Hu-peh, China, communic. September, 1886 (Gray; Kew; var. minori adpropinquans) ; Heyde & Lux 3404, alt. 1,800 meters, San Miguel Uspantan, Dept. Quiche", Guatemala, May, 1892 (Field); iidem 3788, Guatemala, 1892 (Field); A. S. Hitchcock 135, Fort Myers, Florida, July-August, 1900 (Gray); E. W. D. Holway 29, San Rafael, Dept. Guatemala, Guatemala, January 7, 1915 (Gray; forma valde pilosa); ex Hort. Soc. Hort. Lond., September 6, 1829 (Kew; sub nom. Bidente striata Sw.; foliis vere var. radiatae non var. bimucronatae ; radiis immaturis sed certe distinguentibus; facie paulum ei f. decumbentis simili); Jameson, Ecuador (Mus. V.); 0. E. Jennings 497, near Caleto Grande, Isle of Pines, West Indies, May 22, 1910 (Cam.); M. E. Jones, alt. 1,650 meters, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, September 3, 1903 (N.Y.); ex herb. 0. Kuntzei, Caquaj, Puerto Rico, March 8, 1874 (N.Y., sub nom. Bidente pilosa L. a. leucanthasubsimplicifolia); F. C. Lehmann 3596, cultivated ground at alt. 1,860 meters, Chapa, Cauca, Colombia, February 29, 1884 (Berl.; Boiss.; var. minori adpropinquans); idem 5664, alt. 1,000-2,000 meters, highlands of Popayan, Colombia (Kew); E. C. Leonard 3466, Port au Prince, Haiti, April 1-2, 1920 (Del.) ; A.Letourneux 79, Hagueret-en-Naouatie and at the canal, near Alexandria, Lower Egypt, April 15, 1877 (Berl., 3 sheets; Boiss.; Mus. V.); C. 0. Levine, Honam Isl., Kwang- tung Prov., China, October 13-November 9, 1916 (Calif.; nom. sinense Kam p'un ngan chan) ; F. M. Liebmann 630, Mexico, February 1841 (Cop.); idem 631, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico, October- November, 1841 (Cop.) ; idem 650, Jicaltepec, Vera Cruz, April, 1841 (Cop.); J. J. Linden 1201, Mirador, Vera Cruz, February, 1839 (Kew); Lloyd 1042, Jamaica, January, 1892 (Mo.); H. Lynes 601, alt. 1,080 meters, Kubue, Darfur, Sudan, August, 1921 (Kew); J. F. Macbride 2899 and 2901, alt. about 2,400 meters, Matucana, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXIV b ad BIDENS ANDICOLA var. COSMANTHA (Griseb.) Sherff Of THE GENUS BIDENS 435 Peru, March 14-18, 1923 (Field; forma radiis plerumque 5-8 mm. longis et saepius subflavidis); E. E. Maire, alt. 2,500 meters, cul- tivated places, plain of Tong-tchouan, China, September, 1912 (Del., 2 sheets); Alexander Mathews 1750, Peru, 1835 (Kew); C. F. Millspaugh 144, Catano, Puerto Rico, January 6-11, 1899 (Field); idem 1446 and 1464, Cape Corrientes, Cuba, February 17, 1899 (Field) ; idem 1854, Navy Island, Jamaica, November, 1900 (Field) ; idem 2222, Lake Cunningham, Isl. New Providence, Bahamas, April 8, 1904 (Field); idem 2363, South Bimini Isl., Bahamas, April 15, 1904 (Field); idem 2419, South Cat Cay, Bahamas, April 16, 1904 (Field) ; idem & C. M. Millspaugh 9087, rocky plain, Jackson- ville, Isl. East Caicos, Bahamas, February 26-27, 1911 (Field); Frederick Muller 1194, Orizaba region, Vera Cruz, 1853 (Mus. V.); Max Muller, Havana, Cuba (Berl.); G. V. Nash 653, Eustis, Florida, May 1-15, 1894 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Kew; U.V.); idem 1360, eodem loco, July 16-31, 1894 (Phila.); E. W. Nelson 1300, alt. 1,500-1,590 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, September 20, 1894 (U.S.); J. I. & A. R. Northrop 36, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas, January, 1890 (Boiss. ; Kew) ; Edward Palmer 420, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, September, 1898 (Gray); B. H. Patterson, Day- tona, Florida, November 25, 1917 (Cam.); F. W. Pennell 13603, alt. 3,300-3,400 meters, bushy slope of canyon, San Sebastian, Dept. Cuzco, Peru, April 25, 1925 (Field); A. Penther 1223, South Africa, October 24, 1894 (Mun.); E. Pincherle, in fields, near Tunis, Tunis, January 21, 1895 (Field); H. Pittier 6990, alt. 1,500 meters, San Rafael de Cartago, Costa Rica, August 28, 1892 (Gray); Eduard Poeppig, Cochero, Dept. Huanuco, Peru, in 1830 (Mus. V.); C. L. Pollard, G. N. Collins, & E. L. Morris 59, Sugar Loaf Key, Florida, March 12-14, 1898 (Del.; Field); C. G. Pringle 193, valley, Jimulco, Coahuila, Mexico (Boiss.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mus. V.; U.V.; forma var. minori et specie ipsi adpropinquans) ; Christen Raunkiaer 1083, San Juan, Puerto Rico, April 3, 1906 (Cop.); E. M. Reineck, ditch, City of Telotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, November, 1903 (Del.); Rivet 261, Quito, Ecuador, October, 1902 (Par.); idem 614, Ecuador, June, 1904 (Par., var. bimucronatae adpropinquans) ; Rojas 273, alt. 650 meters, San Carlos, Dept. Retalhuleu, Guatemala, March 22, 1921 (Mo.); J. N. Rose 2636, near Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas, Mexico, August 26, 1897 (U.S.); idem, Fitch, & Russell 4237, San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo, March, 1913 (U.S.); J. N. Rose & J. Painter 6638, Tequixquiac, Hidalgo, Mexico, Aug- ust 30, 1903 (U.S.) ; iidem & J. S. Rose 9917, near Tehuacan, Puebla, 436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI August 30-September 8, 1905 (U.S.) ; J. T. Rothrock, Manatee Co., Florida, February 25, 1887 (Penn.); idem 297, Fortune Isl., Bahamas, November 27, 1890 (Phila.); Ryan, Montserrat, West Indies (Cop.); R. de la Sagra 22, Cuba, 1836 (Del.) ; Salle, Orizaba region, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Del.) ; idem 136, 137, and 151, Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 1854-1855 (Del.); A. Sauliere 26, Kodai-kanal Station, Pulney Hills, Madura District, Presidency of Madras, India, 1914 (Del.); idem 156, alt. 1,800 meters, Shembaganur, Madura District, Presidency of Madras, September 6, 1913 (Kew); C. J. W. Schiede 344, in thickets near Jalapa (Xalapa), Vera Cruz, Mexico, about 1829 (Berl.); Schindler 430, alt. 250 meters, Feng-shih in the valley of the Han River, Distr. of Yung- ting, southwest Fukien (Fu-kien), China, January, 1909 (Del.; Mus. V.); R. H. Schomburgk 121, Isl. Santo Domingo (Kew); Schott 118, Havana, Cuba, November 3, 1864 (Brit.); idem 533, Me>ida, Yucatan, Mexico, July 26, 1865 (Brit.); JosepK Schrenk, on ballast, Jersey City, New Jersey, October, 1879 (N.Y.);Eduard & Caecilie Seler 175, near Tancanhuitz, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, February, 1888 (Berl.); J. A. Shafer, Pinar del Rio, Prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba, April 25, 1903 (Cam.); idem 30, Madruga, Prov. Havana, Cuba, April 1, 1903 (Cam.) ; P. Sintenis 1148, along roads, Baya- mon, Puerto Rico, March 23, 1885 (Boiss.; Kew; Mun.); idem 5173, on grassy slopes at Guayabala, Puerto Rico, September 26, 1886 (Mus. V.; Phila.); idem 6779, Manati, Puerto Rico, April, 1887 (Cam.); Edith Skene 139, very common, Kavirondo, British East Africa, 1907-1908 (Del.) ; C. L. Smith 1501 and 1521, San Francisco (near Vera Cruz), Vera Cruz, Mexico, May, 1894 (Gray) ; H. H. Smith, Santa Marta, Colombia, 1898-1901 (Phila.); idem 2668, eodem loco et tempore (Del.; Mo.); U. C. Smith, Georgiana, Florida, January 24, 1891 (Phila.) ; R. Spruce 4610, near Tarapoto, Dept. San Martin, Peru, 1855-1856 (Mus. V.); R. J. Stordy 23, alt. 4,200 meters, Hacienda Altosaica, Dept. Junin, Peru (Kew); E. Taquet 2991, in hedges, Isl. Quelpaert, Corea, November, 1909 (Del.); Norman Taylor 133, Sevilla Estate, Guama River Basin, near Santiago, Cuba, August 31, 1906 (Phila.); idem 500, alt., 1,020 meters, Jiqua- rito Mt., Sierra Maestra, Sevilla Estate, near Santiago, Cuba, Sep- tember 18, 1906 (N.Y.); Dr. & Mrs. W. R. Taylor, Fort Cristobal, Puerto Rico, October, 1916 (Penn.); A. J. Teague 149, Odzani River Valley, Distr. Manica, Div. Umtali, Southern Rhodesia, 1914 (Kew) ; S. M. Tracy 6456, Sneed's Isl., Florida, September 9, 1899 (Gray); idem 6921, Longboat Key, Florida, April 27, 1900 (Del.; Mus. V.); Tracy & Lloyd 495, Port Eads, Louisiana, August Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate CXXV BIDENS MICROPHYLLA SheriT THE GENUS BIDENS 437 21, 1900 (Brit.; Del.; Gray; Mus. V.); H. von Tuerckheim 762, alt. 1,290 meters, Coban, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, May, 1886 (Berl.; Gray); E. Vie 6557, pampas at Tarapoto, Dept. San Martin, Peru, November, 1902 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets); H. A. Van Hermann 379, Santiago de las Vegas, Prov. Havana, Cuba, where "sometimes used as a forage," Dec. 19, 1904 (Field); A.E. Wight 3, Crantstown Village, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas (Berl.; Field); Wilson 498, vicinity of Santiago de las Vegas, Prov. Havana, Cuba, August, 1904 (Field) ; N. P. Woodward, wool waste, North Worcester, Mas- sachusetts, October 15, 1917 (Gray) ; Young 154, alt. 900-1,350 meters, Vom, Bauchi Plateau, northern Nigeria, 1922 (Kew); Charles Wright 317 pro parte, eastern Cuba. 1856-1857 (Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.). Linnaeus, in giving the habitat of his Coreopsis leucanthema, said, "Hab. in Amer. Miller." In the Coreopsis cover in the Linnean Herbarium is still to be found Linnaeus' specimen. It is somewhat immature but has one head with whitish rays. These are less well developed than those usually found, but much more conspicuous than those on the radiate or subradiate var. minor. The sheet is labeled "Leucanthema radio albo." The spelling "leucanthema" is seen to agree with that found originally in the Amoenitates Acade- micae and not that later published (leucantha) in the second edition of the Species Plantarum. Linnaeus cited two synonyms, the first (Bidens americana trifolia, leucanthemi flore. Tournefort. inst. 462) being apparently that from which he derived the name leucan- thema. In his Systema Naturae ed. 10. 2: 1228, published in 1759, he again used the name leucanthema. Although the name leucantha was adopted later by Willdenow (loc. cit.) and has been accepted widely since then, the original spelling leucanthema was restored by Krause (loc. cit.). When we trace the above Linnean citation of Tournefort's Institutiones, we find that Tournefort gave merely two lines for the plant later cited by Linnaeus: "Bidens trifolia, Americana, Leucanthemi flore. Chrysanthemum Americanum, Ciceris folio glabro, Bellidis majoris flore Prodr. Par. Bat." Thus it is seen that Linnaeus' first cited synonym goes back directly to the plant listed in Hermann's Paradisi Batavi Prodromus. However, this cited plant is the same as that listed in the somewhat later (posthumous) Paradisus Batavus (edited by William Sherard), which was cited by Linnaeus for his Coreopsis alba. 1 1 Linnaeus' description of C. alba, the second citation, and the habitat all refer to Herm. Par. Bat. 124, pi. 1%^, His first citation, however, is to an entirely different plant (Coreopsis scandens, foliis serratis ternato-pinnatis, receptaculo 438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI On studying the original Coreopsis leucanthema description and habitat data ("Caulis trium vel quatuor pedum, .... Foliolis quinque, rarius tribus, ovatis .... Habitat in America. Miller ..." Amoen. Acad. 4: 291. 1759), we see that Linnaeus did not really have in mind the plant of Hermann's, but rather a plant re- ceived from Philip Miller and perhaps the same specimen that is left to-day in the Linnean Herbarium. 1 Later, Linnaeus very clearly showed his belief that the two plants were different specifically, naming the Hermann plant Coreopsis alba. DeCandolle (loc. cit.) accepted this treatment, transferring Coreopsis alba to Bidens to accord with the position of Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd. A few years ago I dealt with these last two names (Bot. Gaz. 64: 32. 1917), stating that it "seems much the safer course to retain the two names separately for the present rather than merge them as done by O. E. Schulz." Since that time I have examined several hundreds of additional specimens and recently have concluded that B. leucantha and B. alba are related to each other as variety and forma (becoming respectively, as will be seen in the following text, var. radiata and var. radiata f. Dondiaefolia) . 2 Willdenow compared his B. leucantha with B. biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff, B. pilosa L., and B. pilosa var. minor (Bl.) Sherff for several years under cultivation and decided it to be distinct: "Jam per plures annos cum binis sequentibus 3 culta faciem servavit" (Sp. PI. 3: 1719. 1804). Since Willdenow's time its status has been the subject of. much difference of opinion. Asa Gray, who gave considerable attention to this matter, wrote (Proc. Amer. Acad. nudo. Brown, jam. 321) and must be excluded, as it conflicts with the Linnean description (cf. DC. Prodr. 5: 605. 1836. "Syn. Brownei a Linnaeo citatum videtur alienum ex recept. nudo dicto"). The Browne plant, if a Bidens, was one of the tall, yellow-flowered climbers found in Jamaica, not the lower, white- flowered species that Linnaeus had in mind. 1 The fact that the sheet bears, as already stated, the original spelling "leucan- tiiema" rather than the later spelling "leucantha" may be taken as evidence that the plant is the original Miller specimen. 2 In a former article (Bot. Gaz. 64: 32. 1917), I stated the reasons for believing that Bidens Dondiaefolia Less, was synonymous with Coreopsis alba L. Subse- quently I have found Lessing's type (Hlle.). It matches exactly (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 44. 1926) the Milller specimen (No. 148; N.Y.) formerly cited by me, thus confirming the earlier treatment. For detailed presentation, see under var. 7. radiata f. 2. Dondiaefolia. 3 Viz., B. biternata (B. chinensis) and B. pilosa. But Willdenow's herbarium material of B. biternata (Willd. No. 15023) consists of 4 sheets, nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Nos. 1-3 are B. pilosa L. var. minor and only No. 4 bears true B. biternata (cf. O. E. Schulz, in Urb. Symb. Antill. 7: 135. 1911; cf. G. Walpers Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 271. 1843 who erroneously interpreted Willdenow's herb. No. 15023 as being identical with his i.e., Willdenow's herb. No. 15022, B. pilosa var. radiata, i.e., B. leucantha Willd.). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXVI BIDENS TRIPLINERVIA H.B.K. (figs, j, k); var. MACRANTHA (Wedd.) Sherff (figs, a-t, l-v) THE GENUS BIDENS 439 19: 16. 1884): "B. leucantha Willd. This, the Coreopsis leucanthema L. Amoen. Acad., C. leucantha L. Sp. ed. 2,-1282 (Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 583), and the C. coronata L. as to Plumier's plant, I take to be quite distinct from the radiate form of B. pilosa." But 0. E. Schulz, whose writings display a profound and comprehensive knowledge of a number of the species of Bidens, treats B. alba, by which he means B. leucantha Willd., as merely a variety of B. pilosa ("Einige Autoren wollen auch jetzt noch die Abart als selbstandige Art betrachten. Dieser Ansicht kann ich aber nicht beipflichten, weil ich oft direkte Ubergangsformen gesehen habe." Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl. 176. 1914). In 1913, Dr. N. L. Britton, who had had considerable field experience with these forms, told me that B. leucantha and B. pilosa seemed to him unquestionably distinct species, not only in leaf and ray but in the appression of the involucral bracts at anthesis. In 1916, however, he stated to me that as a result of further field observations he had decided to equate the two in one species. Not- withstanding the opinion held by Schulz, Britton, and many others, I have until recently maintained the two as separate species. A study of the large assemblage of specimens in Berlin has revealed, however, several "direkte Ubergangsformen" that efface quite effectually the specific limits and compel the adoption of a varietal rank for the radiate form. Schultz Bipontinus' name B. pilosa var. radiata is apparently the earliest pertaining to varietal rank. B. striata Sweet (loc. cit.; etiam Curtis' Bot. Mag. 59: pi. 3155. 1832) is a form with large, particularly roseate rays. 1 The pre-Linnean Bidens trifolia Feuill. (not listed above) is cited by some authors (e.g., Gay, Hist. Chil. 4: 293. 1849; Reiche, Fl. Chil. 4: 103. 1905) as a synonym for B. pilosa var alausensis (H.B.K.) Sherff. The leaves in Feuilles' illustration (Journ. Observ. 3: 10, pi. 4. 1725), however, match better those of B. pilosa var. radiata.- Under the name B. leucantha the Materia Medica Mexicana (2: 153-172. 1898) gives a comprehensive treatment from the standpoints of history, medicine, botany, etc. The treatment there doubtless applies to the vars. radiata and bimucronata, each in part. Bidens pilosa var. y. radiata f. 1. indivisa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 297. 1929. A varietate ipsa foliis indivisis ovato-lanceolatisque differt. 1 A cultivated specimen given by Lindley in 1830 and formerly in Kunth's herbarium is at Berlin (Berl.). It displays an approach to var. bimucronata (Turcz.) O. E. Schulz. 2 Feuilles stated that he found his plant at 37 S. Lat., which is farther south in Chile than known for other specimens of var. radiata studied as yet by me. 440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Type specimen: Collected by J. S. DeLa Cruz, No. 1792, growing 3 feet high, Upper Rupununi River, near Dadanawa, Lat. 2 45' N., British Guiana, July 24-29, 1922 (Field). Distribution: British Guiana, West Indies, etc. Specimens examined: Alexander, Jamaica (Gray); De La Cruz 1792 (type, Field); idem 2284, growing 2 ft. high, Upper Mazaruni River, Long, about 60 10' W., British Guiana, September 22-Octo- ber 6, 1922 (Field). In his Flora of The British West Indian Islands (p. 373. 1861), Grisebach stated that "a remarkable form, with all the leaves simple, hispidulous achenia, and whitish-pubescent involucres, was collected by Dr. Alexander, but transitions into the common B. leucanthus [i.e., B. pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip.] occur among Mr. March's specimens." A former study of Alexander's materials left me unconvinced as to the value of their simple-leaved character for drawing taxonomic distinctions. The recently collected specimens by De La Cruz were obtained at different localities and about two months apart, yet both reveal in all respects a striking similarity. The leaves all are simple, thin, glabrous, the blades ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute or subacuminate at apex, the larger ones about 3.5-4 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm. wide, the petioles slender and 1-2 cm. long. Compared with chance, more or less simple-leaved plants of B. pilosa proper that are sometimes found (B. pilosa discodea Schz. Bip. em. 1. subsimplicifolia 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 1: 322. 1891; "folia omnia vel plurima integra (cfr. Gris. Fl. Westindien)" Ktze. loc. cit.), also of B. pilosa var. radiata proper (B. pilosa var. leucantha f. sub- simplicifolia 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 1: 322. 1891), these plants appear to represent a more pronounced and less ephemeral form. Bidens pilosa var. 7. radiata f. 2. Dondiaefolia (Less.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 607. 1936. Coreopsis alba L. Sp. PI. ed. 1. 2: 908. 1753; ed. 2. 2: 1282. 1763 (exclud. syn. Brown). Bidens Dondiaefolia Less. Linnaea 5: 155. 1830. Bidens alba (L.) DC. Prodr. 5: 605. 1836. Bidens pilosa var. alba (L.) 0. E. Schz., Urb. Symb. Antill. 7: 136. 1911. Humilis, pier unique glabrata; caulibus vel ramis inferioribus demissis ad nodos saepe radicantibus, basim versus ramulis saepe sterilibus foliosisqueinstructis; foliis parvis (2.5 cm. longis), saepius 3-partitis foliolis saepius rhomboideo-ovatis. Capitula longe et saepius erecte pedunculata, ligulis siccis flavido-albis. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CXXVII BIDENS TRIPLINERVIA var. HJRTELLA (H.B.K.) Sherff OF OF THE GENUS BIDENS 441 Type specimen: Collected by Christian J. W. Schiede and Ferdi- nand Deppe, near Vera Cruz, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, about 1828 (Hll.). Distribution: Central part of State of Vera Cruz (especially at and near the coast), Mexico. Specimens examined: J. M. Greenman 6, near the wharf, City of Vera Cruz, January 22, 1906 (Field); idem 23, La Laguna, near City of Vera Cruz, eodem temp. (Field) ;idem 97, along the shore, north of City of Vera Cruz, January 24, 1906 (Field) ; Frederick Muller 148, Vera Cruz, August, 1853 (N.Y.); idem 4067, Orizaba (N.Y.); C. R. Orcutt 2666, Vera Cruz, February 16, 1910 (Field; Kew; U.S.); idem 2991, Sanborn, Vera Cruz, April 18, 1910 (Field) ; Schiede & Deppe, near City of Vera Cruz, about 1828 (type, Hll.) ; Heinrich Wawra 206, Soledad and vicinity (Mus. V.). Bidens pilosa var. 7. radiata f. 3. decumbens (Greenm.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 607. 1936. Bidens decumbens Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 34: 576. 1899. Caules robustiores, decumbentes, purpurascentes, 1.5-3 m. longi; internodiis glabris. Foliorum segmenta lateralia obovata terminale saepe rhomboideo-ovatum. Ligulae 2 cm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 6820, sand dunes, Tampico, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, April 29, 1898 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from type locality in southeasternmost Tamaulipas, Mexico. Specimens examined: Pringle 6820 (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Par.; Phila.; Mus. V.;U.V., etc.). Referred in the past by me to var. radiata proper, but probably best treated as a distinct forma because of its unique growth habit. Bidens pilosa var. 8. bimucronata (Turcz.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 138. 1911. PI. CIV, figs. a-4. Bidens caracasana DC. Prodr. 5: 600. 1836. Bidens bimucronata Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 24: 184. 1851; Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 5: 224. 1858. Acocotli quauhuahuacensis Hernandez ex Mat. Med. Mex. 2: 154. 1898 (pro parte; cf. var. radiatam). Caules et folia plerumque plus minusve glaucoideo- vel pallido- viridia. Capitula plerumque radiata radiis candidis vel subrosaceis, 442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI pansa ad anthesin 1-2.3 cm. lata. Achaenia saepius 6-10 mm. longa, gracilia, circ. 0.75 mm. lata, pilis erecto-patentibus disperse hir- suta, aristis omnino deficientibus exaristata vel aristis 1-2 (rariter -4) plerumque tantum 0.5-1 mm. longis munita. Type specimen: Collected by Benedict Jaeger, No. 146, on the Island of Santo Domingo (Petrop.). Distribution: In Mexico from states of San Luis Potosi, Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa southeastward to states of Chiapas and Yucatan, also, but rarely, on certain of the West Indies (Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Trinidad) and in northern Venezuela; found in 1879 (Martindale, Parker) on ballast at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Specimens examined: Alwin Aschenborn, Mexico, 1872 (Berl.); idem 72, Mexico (Berl.); J. L. Berlandier 756, Chapultepec, State of Mexico, 1827 (Brit.; Del.; Par., 2 sheets); idem 1138 pro parte, Toluca, State of Mexico, October, 1827 (Kiel; Mus. V., 2 sheets; Webb; type material of Bidens Caucalidea DC. and Bidens Dau- cifolia DC.; formae odoratae adpropinquans et in herb. DC. Prodr. in Del. illae formae propior) ; E. Bourgeau 148 pro parte, fields and borders of ditches near City of Mexico, State of Mexico, May 23, 1865 (Del.; Petrop.); idem 188, fields, eodem loco et tempore (Kew); idem 811, borders of the roads to Los Banos, State of Mexico, August 14, 1865 (Berl.; Boiss., 2 sheets; Cop.; Del.; Kew, 2 sheets; Mun.); C. Conzatti & V, Gonzalez 996, alt. 1,750 meters, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, July- August, 1900 (Berl.); A. Duges, in garden near Guanajuato, State of Guanajuato, 1891 (Gray) ; C. Ehrenberg, Haiti (Berl.); idem 440 pro parte, Regla, Hidalgo, Mexico (Berl.); idem 442 pro parte, Mexico, October (Berl., cum forma odorata lecta); H. Galeotti 2370, near Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, 1840 (Del.); G. F. Gaumer 451 p.p., Izamal, Yucatan, Mexico (Berl.; Gray; Kew; N.Y., 2 sheets); August Ghiesbreght 556, Chiapas, etc., southern Mexico, flowering from July to November, 1864-1870 (Gray; Mo.); Josiah Gregg 236 pro parte, State of Puebla, Mexico, July 13, 1848 (Mo., cum f. odorata commixt.); idem 2366 pro parte (Kew, cum f. odorata commixt.); C. V. Hartman 564 pro parte, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, Sept. 8, 1892 (Gray, cum f. odorata lecta); 1 Hooker, Jamaica, 1843 (Kew); Theodor Hartweg 1608 p.p., "Cali- fornia" (? Brit.); 2 Hort. BeroL, cult, anno 1831, e seminibus mexi- 1 "As young eaten with pinole [Mexican cereal meal] and salt, boiled" (fide Hartmanii). 2 "California" perhaps erroneous. Cf. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 4: 127. 1886: "owing to their having been incorrectly localized in the Hookerian herbarium." Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXVIII B1DENS TRIPLINERVIA var. MACRANTHA (Wedd.) Sherff (figs, j-p); var. MOLLIS (Poepp. & Endlich.) Sherff (figs, a-i ) OF Tlit UNIVERSITY OF IUINGJS THE GENUS BIDENS 443 canis a Deppeo missis (Berl., 3 sheets, sub nominibus Bidente retusa Link et Coreopside retusa Link); Jaeger 146 (type, Petrop.); J- G. Lemmon 2766, near Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1882 (Gray, formae odoratae paulum adpropinquans; idem 2767, eodem loco, 1883 (Gray, 2 sheets; formae odoratae paulo adpropinquans) ; F. M. Liebmann 649, Chinantla, Puebla, Mexico, May, 1841 (Cop., forma); idem 655, Tehuacan, Puebla, December, 1841 (Cop., sub nom. Bidente tehua- cana Klatt); /. C. Martindale, on ballast, Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, September, 1879 (Phila., 2 sheets); E. W. Nelson 3492, alt. 1,740-1,950 meters, Valley of Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico, December 8, 1895 (U.S.); C. R. Orcutt, Mexico, 1910-1911 (Kew); idem 3656, Olivar, Federal Distr., Mexico, August 17, 1910 (Mo.); idem 4335, Santa Fe, Morelos, Mexico, August 25, 1910 (Mo.) ; Edward Palmer 3, Durango and vicinity, State of Durango, Mexico, April-November, 1896 (Berl.; Brit.; Mo.); idem 263, shady places in gardens and old fields, eodem loco, June, 1896 (Gray); idem 282, southwestern Chi- huahua, Mexico, August-November, 1885 (Gray); idem 673 pro parte, Durango and vicinity, Mexico, April-November, 1896 (Gray; Kew); idem 676, eodem loco (Berl.); C. F. Parker, on ballast, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 20, 1879 (Phila.); Parry & Palmer 484 pro parte, Mexico, 1878 (Mo.; U.S.); C. G. Pringle 9859, alt. 2,040 meters, waste places, Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, Sep- tember 20, 1902 (Berl. ; Cam. ; Field; Kew; N.Y. ; U.S.) ; C. A. Purpus, Sierra de Parras, Coahuila, Mexico, March, 1905 (Calif.); idem 1544 p. p. (pro partibus f. odorata et B. Ostruthioides) , fields, southern Mexico, November, 1905 (Calif.; Gray; Mo.; U.V., etc.; forma achaeniis nonnullarum plantarum exaristatis, aliarum aristatis); idem 1905, eodem loco, November, 1906 (Berl.); Rose & Hay 5828, near Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico, August 1-2, 1901 (U.S.); Rose & Painter 7781, near Aguascalientes, State of Aguascalientes, Mexico, October 10, 1903 (U.S.) ; Rose, Standley, & Russell 13405, San Bias, Sinaloa, Mexico, March 24, 1910 (N.Y.); iidem 13584, along the river, Fuerte, Sinaloa, Mexico, March 27, 1910 (N.Y.); Baron de Schack, Trinidad, West Indies (Kew); J. G. Schaffner, on moun- tains and in cultivated places, Mexico, 1880 (Gray; nom. vernac. aceitillo; planta usitatissima fide Schaffneri); idem 206, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, October, 1879 (Berl. ; Boiss. ; Gray; Kiel; Mun.); idem (similiter) 206, in sandy places about City of San Luis Potosi, September, 1876 (Berl.; Gray}; idem 239, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Par., 2 sheets); Alb. Schmitz 80 p. p., eodem loco (Mus. V., 3 sheets); idem 81, eodem loco (Mus. V., 3 sheets); idem 251, Mexico 444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI (Berl.; Brit.; Mus. V.); idem 542, fields, Mexico (Brit.; Mus. V.; f. odomtae adpropinquans) ; idem 629, Mexico (Berl.); Walther Schu- mann 10 pro parte, Mexico, August 20, 1884 (Berl., cum f. odorata; Brit.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem 12, Mexico, September 20, 1884 (U.S.); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 308, near Axayapictla, Distr. Morelos, Morelos, Mexico, December 17, 1887 (Berl.); iidem 572 et 579, near Chihuahua, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, November, 1887 (Berl.); iidem 1142, Obregon, Guanajuato, Mexico, October 13, 1895 (Kew; N.Y.); Uhde 616 and 623, Mexico (Berl.); W. J. Vargas 210, about Caracas, Venezuela, 1830 (Del., type oi Bidens caracasana DC.). The name Bidens caracasana DC. has been carelessly treated by botanists, having been referred to a number of widely different species. The DeCandolle Prodromus Herbarium (Del.) contains two sheets of type material, Vargas 210, Caracas, Venezuela, in 1830. All of this material is the form represented by the type of B. bimucronata Turcz., reduced by 0. E. Schulz (loc. cit.) to a variety of B. pilosa L. Bidens pilosa var. 8. bimucronata f. 1. odorata (Cav.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 41. 1926. PI. CV and PI. CVI, figs. a-h. Bidens odorata Cav. Icon. 1: 9 and pi. 13. 1791. Coreopsis Ferulaefolia var. odoratissima (Cav. ex Pers.) Pers. Syn. PI. 2:477. 1807. Coreopsis odoratissima Cav. ex Pers. loc. cit. Coreopsis odorata (Cav.) Poir. in Lam. & Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 350. 1811 ; Atlas pi. 704, fig.l. Cosmos tenellus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 188 (240). 1820. Coreopsis multifida DC. Prodr. 5: 573. 1836. Coreopsis muliifida var. mutica DC. loc. cit. Bidens Daucifolia DC. op. cit. 601. Bidens Ferulaefolia var. odoratissima (Cav. ex Pers.) DC. op. cit. 603. Bidens Caucalidea DC. op. cit. 604. Bidens Bonplandii Schz. Bip. in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 308. 1852- 1857. Bidens inermis Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 278. 1888. Bidens Deamii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 490. 1913. Bidens ramosissima Sherff, op. cit. 491. Bidens barrancae Jones, Extracts Contr. West. Bot. 18: 82. 1933 (vix typica). Folia plus dissecta, plerumque bi- vel rarius tripinnata, seg- mentis angustioribus. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI. Plate CXXIX b a d BIDENS SERRULATA (Poir.) Desf. OF Tht a? THE GENUS BIDENS 445 Type specimen: Observed in flowering condition in the Royal Garden of Madrid, November 24 (anno non dicto), growing from material obtained originally near the City of Mexico. 1 Distribution : In Mexico from southern Chihuahua southeastward along the interior region to the State of Oaxaca; very rare in Guate- mala, where giving way to var. calcicola and its f . dissecta. Specimens examined: Bro. Adole 63 (Arsene distrib. No. 6350) pro parte, alt. 1,600 meters, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, 1911 (Mo.; U.S.); Bro. Agniel (Arsene distrib. No. 10430), Quere"taro, Mexico, 1910-1913 (U.S.); anon. (Del., type of Coreopsis multifida DC.); Bro. G. Arsene, alt. 2,150 meters, near Hacienda Santa Barbara, Barranca de la Alseseca, Puebla, State of Puebla, Mexico, 1907 (U.S.; cum var. lecta et commixt.); idem, azotea de San Pedro near Puebla, September 27, 1908 (U.S.); idem 497, alt. 2,175 meters, azotea del Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, Puebla, August 25, 1906 (U.S.); idem 497a, garden, Puebla, August 30, 1906 (U.S.); idem 4976, alt. 2,173 meters, College of San Pedro and San Pablo, Puebla, September 23, 1906 (U.S.); idem 497c, alt. 2,173 meters, azotea del Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, September 13, 1906 (U.S.); idem 1813, alt. 2,155 meters, Molino de Huexotitla, Puebla, October 20, 1907 (Gray; U.S.); idem 2340, alt. 2,170 meters, azotea del Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, Puebla, September 27, 1907 (U.S.) ; J. L. Berlandier 1138 pro parte, Valley of Toluca, State of Mexico, September, 1827 (Berl.; Del.; Gray; Hll.; Mus. V.; Par., type material of Bidens Caucalidea DC. and B. Daucifolia DC.; cum var. ipsa lecta) ; E. Bourgeau 148 pro parte, edges of ditches, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico, May 23, 1865 (Par. ; forma magna et pro parte var. ipsi adpropinquans) ; idem 812 pro parte, Guada- lupe, State of Mexico, August 14-24, 1865 (Boiss.; Kew; Par., 3 sheets sub nom. Bidente montana; Petrop.; plantae nunc var. bimucronata ipsa nunc /. odorata nunc plus minusve intermedia); idem 813 pro parte, upon terraces about homes, Mexico, State of Mexico, August 30, 1865 (Berl.; Boiss.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Par., 4 sheets sub nom. Bidente maculata; U.S.; hie illic cumB. bipinnata commixt.) ; ex herb. Cavanillesii (Brit., 3 sheets, sub nomini- bus Coreopside odorata, C. odoratissima et Cosmide odorato} ; Thomas Coulter 380, Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico (Kew); C. C. Deam, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, January 1, 1899 (Field; type of Bidens Deamii 1 Material (three specimens) from Cavanilles' herbarium is in the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History. Precisely identical material, from Pavon's herbarium, is in the Boissier Herbarium and may safely be regarded as coming from Cavanilles' original plants. 446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Sherff); A. Duges 471, State of Guanajuato, Mexico, 1891 (Gray); C.Ehrenberg 441, Mexico (Berl.);idem 442 pro parte, Regla, Hidalgo, Mexico (Kew, cum var. ipsa lecta); Josiah Gregg 39, valley near Saltillo, Coahuila, May 7, 1848 (Mo.); idem 236 pro parte, State of Puebla, Mexico (Mo., cum var. ipsa lecta); idem 2366 pro parte (Kew, cum var. ipsa lecta); C. V. Hartman 564 pro parte, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, September 8, 1892 (Gray ; cum var. bimucronata ipsa lecta); Theodor Hartweg 1608 p.p., fields, State of Guanajuato, Mexico (Kew); Hort. Par. e seminibus (fide DC.) in Peruvia[?] lectis et olim ad Hort. Par. a Dombeyo missis (Del., type of Coreopsis multifida var. mutica DC.); M. E. Jones 27757, La Barranca, Guada- lajara, Jalisco, Mexico, November 23, 1930 (Pom. ; type of Bidens barrancae Jones; vix typica); F. M. Liebmann 620, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, May, 1842 (Cop.}; idem 648, Ejutla, Oaxaca, October, 1841 (Cop., 3 sheets) ; L. H. MacDaniels 49, alt. 2,220 meters, Pyramid of Cuicuilco, Tlalpam, Federal Distr., Mexico, August 15, 1935 (Field); C. R. Orcutt 3657, El Olivar, State of Mexico, August 18, 1910 (Kew; Mo.); Edward Palmer 283, southwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, August-November, 1885 (Gray); idem 673 pro parte, Durango and vicinity, State of Durango, Mexico, April-November, 1896 (Gray) ; idem 674, Durango and vicinity, April-November, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; U.S., ubi etiam aliud speci- men est e huius seminibus cultum et Mart. 1, anno 1898 lectum); idem 685 et 686, eodem loco et tempore (U.S.); Parry & Palmer 484 pro parte, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, Mexico, 1878 (Kew; Mo.); ex herb. Pavonii (Boiss.); C. G. Pringle, valley near Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, September 16, 1899 (Berl.); idem 1290, base of the Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, Mexico, September 14, 1887 (Boiss.; Field; Phila.) ; idem 1291, thin soil of ledges, Arroyo Ancho, Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, October 14, 1887 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Phila.; type material of Bidens inermis Wats.); idem 1638, base of Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, October 2, 1888 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field; Mo.; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem 5999, hillsides near Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, November 14, 1895 (Cop.; Gray; Mun.); idem 7904, near Cuernavaca, September 30, 1899 (Gray); idem 13032, under cliffs near Acambaro, Guanajuato, Mexico, October 6, 1904 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; U.S.); C. A. Purpus, Sierra de Parras, Coahuila, Mexico, March, 1905 (Calif.); J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 7782, near Aguascalientes, State of Aguascalientes, Mexico, October 10, 1903 (U.S.); W.E. Safford 1391, near Guadala- jara, Jalisco, Mexico, February 23, 1907 (U.S.; type of Bidens Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXX BIDENS CHIAPENSIS Brandeg. (figs, a-i) BIDENS GERANIIFOLIA Brandeg. (figs, j-o) OF THE GENUS BIDENS 447 ramosissima Sherff; nom. vulg., aceitillo); J. G. Schaffner 205, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, October, 1879 (Berl.; Mun.); idem 205a, cultivated fields, Mexico, 1880 (Gray; Kew; nom. vernac., aceitillo); idem 2056, mountains about San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 1880 (Gray; Kew); idem 206 p.p.; State of San Luis Potosi, October, 1879 (Brit.) ; Schmitz 80 p.p., Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico, 1855 (Brit.); idem 541 p.p., Mexico, 1856 (Brit.); Berthold Seemann, loco non dicto (Kew) ; Eduard & Caecilie Seler 1184 p.p., Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico, November 2, 1895 (Berl.). For many years, Persoon's variety odoratissima of Coreopsis Ferulae/olio, seems to have been unfamiliar to botanists. DeCandolle (loc. cit.) merely mentioned it: "quid sit var. odoratissima a Per- soonio citata ignore." Persoon's variety was founded on Cavanilles' plant in Jussieu's herbarium and was said to be native to Peru. This cited specimen I have not found, but there exists in the British Museum of Natural History a good specimen from Cavanilles, labeled "Coreopsis odoratissima nobis, Mexico," which matches Persoon's description precisely. The leaves, probably because of having grown under cultivation, are especially slender-divided and give a superficial resemblance to those of Bidens Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC. The specimen is identical with two other specimens (Brit.) from the herbarium of Cavanilles, one labeled "Coreopsis odorata olim Bidens," and the other "Bidens odorata Cav. Ic. V. 1., nunc Coreopsis." Both of these last two are further labeled, in pencil, "Cosmos odoratus" Clearly, Persoon's variety is perfectly synony- mous with Bidens odorata Cav. Coreopsis multifida DC. and its var. mutica DC. are represented by the type specimens in the herbarium of DeCandolle's Prodromus (Del.). The species was collected (fide DC. loc. cit.), by Pa von, possibly in Peru; the variety was from seed previously sent by Dom- bey from "Peruvia" to the Botanical Garden at Paris. Both are found on careful comparisons to be merely Bidens odorata Cav. 1 1 The citation of Peru would seem to indicate that the material is really best considered as the rather similar var. alausensis f. Scandicina, the form native to South America. The plants are more like the North American material of f. odorata. Whether a mistake was made originally in the mention of Pavon and Peru for these plants I can not say for certainty, although the indications point that way. We may note the partly comparable case of Bidens Sambucifolia Cav., said to have come from Peru and Mexico, but which has never been known from outside of Mexico. The evidence in herbaria indicates that Cavanilles got his material in this case from or rather through Pavon, and thus Pavon's written data were at fault. Regarding another, somewhat different case of mislabeling observed in much of the "Pavon" material cf. Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 4: 120. 1887 ("as Pavon himself was never in Mexico, and there is evidence of his having dealt freely in the sale of dried plants"). 448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens Caucalidea DC. was described from Berlandier 1138. The sheet of this number in the Museum of Vienna has one specimen with bipinnate leaves, approaching Bidens odorata Cav. and another with some of the principal leaves only tripartite, approaching B. pilosa var. bimucronata. At Washington (U.S.) are two sheets of the fine material collected by Arsene. It is remarkably close to the type material of B. Caucalidea and might well serve as a supplementary type for the concept represented by that name. Four of the five specimens there have the leaves mainly bipinnate as in B. odorata Cav. but the remaining specimen has the leaves tripartite as in the var. bimucronata. 1 Obviously the amount of foliar division is of little value here in determining specific limits. Likewise a study of various other specimens (referred to B. odorata Cav. or to B. Cau~ calidea DC. by different botanists), with reference to achenial shape, size, and armature, to width of flowering heads, and to general branching habit, reveals an astonishing amount of variation. A form with the upper part of the main stem broken away and the lower part profusely branched is the plant formerly described as Bidens Deamii Sherff. B. ramosissima Sherff is probably best inter- preted as merely a mutant form with an excessive degree of branch- ing and the involucres finally becoming reflexed to a notably uniform extent. A specimen collected by Seemann (Kew) is positively the B. odorata of Cavanilles and yet in its highly branched character displays an approach to the type specimen of B. ramosissima. Certain specimens of Berlandier 1138 were rather under-de- veloped in stature, somewhat pubescent-hirtellous, and had the leaf segments more acute. These DeCandolle assumed to be another species, confused with the B. Caucalidea material by Berlandier in the gathering. He named them B. Daucifolia. For B. Daucifolia, as for his B. Caucalidea, he described the rays as yellow. Since DeCandolle's day, many (yellow-rayed) Mexican specimens of B. triplinervia var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff have been determined by students (myself among them) as B. Daucifolia DC., but recent study of the long neglected type material of B. Daucifolia at Geneva (Del.) and Paris (Par.) showed that B. Daucifolia is not a yellow- rayed form. The Geneva sheet has a single small specimen, with one flowering and one fruiting head. The ligules are a faded rosaceous color, not yellow as DeCandolle had stated. The achenes are those of B. odorata Cav. The Paris sheet has three small but good speci- 1 Cf. O. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 138. 1911: "Bidens caucalideus DC.! .... varietati bimucronato valde affinis folia pinnatisecta habet." THE GENUS BIDENS 449 mens. Three radiate heads are present, of a faded rosaceous color. One specimen has a head of biaristate achenes and another has two ample fruiting heads of exaristate achenes. These specimens all are mere variations of B. Caucalidea DC., and there is no reason to suppose that Berlandier confused two sorts with each other. Clearly B. Daucifolia DC. and B. Caucalidea DC. are synonymous, and together must be equated in turn with the earlier B. odorata Cav. Judged by standards maintained in many other genera, there would seem to be no less than eight or ten varieties and racial formae represented. To encumber taxonomy with a large number of addi- tional names, when the variations are so capricious and fickle as often to result in two or three unlike fades upon a single herbarium sheet, 1 would appear entirely unwarranted. Therefore, these vary- ing forms, all of them intimately related to B. pilosa var. bimucronata but tending to display more or less bipinnate leaves on most of the individual plants, are grouped as the forma odorata of that variety. Complicated and undesirable as the name resulting from this inter- pretation will be, 2 it is the only one that appears to accord with the facts in nature. The type of Cosmos tenellus H.B.K. (or Bidens Bonplandii as it was later renamed by Schultz Bipontinus upon its transfer to Bidens) was collected between the City of Mexico and Huahuatoca (variously spelled Huehuetoca, Giiegiietoque, etc.) in the State of Mexico, Mexico. A search in 1914 and again in 1924 among the type sheets of the Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth set at Paris failed to reveal a specimen with the name Cosmos tenellus, nor was there authentic material at Berlin. The description by Kunth shows that the type was without achenes. The bipinnatipartite foliage and the probably rosaceous color of the ligules evidently had led him to place the plant in Cosmos. A survey of Cosmos and Bidens at the present time indi- cates that Kunth's extended description fits none other than the present f . odorata of Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata. This forma, as well as its supravening variety bimucronata, is very abundant 1 C. V. Hartman 564 (Gray) and C. A. Purpus 1544 (Calif.) are especially good examples of this. 2 O. Kuntze (Rev. Gen. 1: 322. 1891) put forth a treatment of Bidens pilosa in which he adopted the even more complicated and unwelcome method of pro- posing varieties, subvarieties, and forms (formae). His name subbiternata is seen, on carefully reading the related names, to have been used for a subvariety or group (under B. pilosa) ranking lower than a variety but higher than a forma (thus cf. B. pilosa a. leucantha 2. ternata f. pilosior, loc. cit.). Yet, even were the formal rank of the name subbiternata accepted, it could not conflict with the validity of the claim of odorata to formal rank, as subbiternata pertained to a form of B. pilosa var. radiata, not of var. bimucronata. 450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI throughout the region surrounding the type locality of Cosmos tenellus. Moreover, the general aspect is often deceptively like that of Cosmos, a fact easily explaining Kunth's reference of his type to that genus. 1 The type of Bidens inermis Wats, is matched by Pringle 1638, 5999, and 7904. All four numbers have achenes especially slender and long-attenuate, as well as exaristate. The forma odorata is known frequently to produce achenes wholly or in part of this very kind, thus leaving no grounds for the retention of B. inermis as a species. 2 It may be remarked that 0. E. Schulz, in 1911, studied some of the B. inermis material (e.g., Pringle 1638) in the Berlin Herbarium and labeled it B. Caucalidea DC., which in turn, as al- ready stated, is merely another synonym for f. odorata. The grayish green or bluish green color of the herbage in the forma odorata often is very noticeable. The Mexicans appear to prefer this form and also the var. bimucronata proper for food. Under the name of "aceitillo" (fide A. Dugesii 471, Gray; Wm. E. Saffordii 1391, U.S.; et al.), the young plants are boiled and eaten with pinole and salt (fide C. V. Hartmanii 564, Gray). Bidens pilosa var. e. alausensis (H.B.K.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 35. 1926. PI. CVI, figs. i-o. Bidens alausensis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 184 (235). 1820. Bidens valparadisiaca Colla, Mem. Accad. Torin. 38: 12. pi. 24- 1835. Bidens chilensis DC. Prodr. 5: 603. 1836. Bidens diversifolia Willd. ex DC. op. cit. 602. 1836 (pro parte). Bidens valparadisea Colla ex Philippi Cat. PL Chil. 155. 1881. Folia pinnato-quinquepartita vel biternatisecta vel tantum pinnatisecta, circumambitu saepe deltoidea; foliolis segmentisve saepius plus minusve ovatis, basi cuneatis alibi grosse et saepe irregulariter inciso-serratis dentibus mucronatis. Capitula radiata pansa ad anthesin circ. 1-2 cm. lata ligulis albidis vel rosaceis vel subalbidis. Achaenia saepius biaristata. 1 It may be noted that several specimens collected by Brother G. Arsene in the states of Puebla and Michoacan (U.S.) had been distributed by Arsene under the name Cosmos tenellus H.B.K. and that these are our f. odorata. 2 The singular aspect of the fruiting heads upon typical "B. inermis" might be taken as justifying a subformal rank under f. odorata, but the already lengthy name B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata would seem to suggest restraint in this matter. Furthermore, some material (e.g., Edward Palmer 673, Kew) has fruiting capitula precisely like those in the type collection of B. inermis but merely 3-5- partite leaves as in B. pilosa var. bimucronata proper, thus displaying an overlap- ping of characters. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXI c f h BIDENS OSTRUTHIOIDES (DC.) Schz. Bip. OF Tht THE GENUS BIDENS 451 Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland, at altitude of 2,340 meters, between Alausi and Tambo de Guamote, Ecuador, 1799-1803 (Par.; for illustration, see Bot. Gaz. 59:311, fig. 1. 1915). Distribution: The Andes region of western South America from Colombia through Ecuador and Peru to Chile and in southwestern Bolivia; also in the Galapagos Islands. Specimens examined: J. Ball, alt. 3,600-3,900 meters, rocky places of Andes, near Chicla, Peru, April 21-23, 1882 (Kew); F. W. Beechey, Valparaiso, Chile (Del.); Bertero 95, Taqua-taqua, Chile, October, 1828 (Del.); idem 845, Quillota, Chile, October-November, 1829 (type material of Bidens chilensis; Del.; Par.); idem (similiter) 845, forest pastures and upon hilly slopes, Valparaiso, Chile, 1830 (Brit.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.); Bridges, Valparaiso, Chile, 1830 (Kew); idem 66, eodem loco, 1832 (Brit.; Kew; Mus. V.); Otto Buchtien, eodem loco, August 20, 1895 (Field) ; Agnes Calvert, Valdivia and Valparaiso, Chile (Brit.) ; 0. F. Cook & G. B. Gilbert 512, alt. about 3,000 meters, Ollantaitambo, Peru, May 1, 1915 (U.S.); Cruckshank, Chile (Kew); H, Cuming 646, prope Valparaiso, Chile, 1831 (Brit.; Mus. V.; Webb); K. Fiebrig 2049, alt. 1,700 meters, Bermejo, Bolivia, November 15, 1903 (Berl.; forma varietati bimu- cronatae valde adpropinquans; nom. vulg., saitilla); Frombling, Chile, 1886 (Mun., 2 sheets); Gaudichaud 164, Valparaiso, Chile, 1834 (Del.; Webb); Claude Gay 201, Chile, 1833 (Del.; Gray, 2 sheets); idem 341, on hills, Prov. Coquimbo, Chile, August, 1829 (Par.) ; idem 355, on hills, Chile (Par.) ; W. H. Harvey, Valparaiso, Chile, April-July, 1856 (Gray); Humboldt & Bonpland, alt. 2,340 meters, between Alausi and Tambo de Guamote, Ecuador, 1799- 1803 (type and cotype, Par.: cotypes, Berl., 2 sheets); iidem, Llacta- cunga (Latacunga), Ecuador (Berl., sub nom. Bidente quitensi); E. P. Killip 6761, alt. 2,900-3,200 meters, in open, "Canaan," Mt. Purac, near Rio Anambiu, Dept. El Cauca, Colombia, June 11-16, 1922 (U.S.); idem & A. C. Smith 18101, alt. 3,500 meters, oak forest, La Baja, Dept. Santander, Colombia, January 14-31, 1927 (U.S.); G. Looser 148, Cerro Cruz, Limache, Prov. Valparaiso, Chile, October 12, 1926 (Gray) ; J. F. Macbride 2902, on slide rock, alt. about 2,400 meters, Matucana, Peru, March 14-18, 1923 (Field) ; James Macrae, near Valparaiso, Chile, 1825 (Kew); Mathews 465, Lima, Peru, communic. 1833 (Del.); idem (similiter) 465, interior Peru, 1862 (N.Y.); idem 468, Purruchuco, Peru (Kew); ex herb. Johanni Miersii 67, Concon, Chile (Brit.); Moseley (Challenger Expedition), Juan 452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Fernandez, Chile, November, 1875 (Kew); Macbride & Feather stone 2139, alt. about 3,150 meters, common on hillsides and stream banks, 15 miles southeast of Huanuco, Peru, May 31-June 3, 1922 (Field) ; F. W. Neger, Conception, Chile, July 20, 1895 (Mun.); F. Philippi, Valparaiso, Chile, 1894 (Brit.); G. H. Pring 31, San Cristobal, Sabana de Bogota, Colombia, May, 1923 (Mo.); ex herb. E. C. Reedii, Juan Fernandez, Chile, October, 1872 (Petrop.); Dr. & Mrs. J. N. Rose 19114, near Valparaiso, Chile, September 14, 1914 (N. Y. ; U.S.); Lud. Savatier, Canruru, Peru (Kew, 2 sheets); R. E. Snod- grass & E. Heller 887, alt. 1,200 meters, Tagus Cove, Albemarle Isl., Galapagos Isls., June 15, 1899 (Gray); A. Sodiro, sandy fields among Andes, near Pomasqui, Ecuador, February, 1896 (Berl., cum f . scandicina lecta) ; idem 486, in cultivated places, Niebly-Perucho, Ecuador, June, 1904 (N.Y.); Alban Stewart, Valparaiso, Chile (Petrop.); idem 716, abundant in thickets at alt. 1,200 meters, Tagus Cove, Albemarle Isl., Galapagos Isls., March 24, 1906 (Brit.; Mo.); Styles, Chile (Phila.); Wawra (H. M. Frigate "Donau"), Valparaiso, Chile, 1868-1871 (Mus. V.); A. Weberbauer 50, Matu- cana, Peru, December 24, 1901 (Berl.). The Willdenow Herbarium has a sheet of Bidens diversifolia Willd. (ex DC.) and this sheet bears two plants. One is referable to var. alausensis, but the other seems more like B. andicola H.B.K. Willdenow doubtless construed them to be genetically the same, hence his name diversifolia. It appears, however, that this was merely a case of mixed material. Fortunately, the very definite status and validity of the names alausensis and andicola permit us to ignore the name B. diversifolia Willd. In a former article (Bot. Gaz. 59: 310-311, fig. 1. 1915) I have discussed the identity of B. valparadisiaca Colla and B. chilensis DC. with B. alausensis H.B.K., and presented photographs of Kunth's type of B. alausensis H.B.K. In 1924 I made a careful reexamination of Kunth's type and of four sheets of cotype material (Par.; Berl.) and came to the same conclusion as before. A study of various other specimens shows that B. alausensis H.B.K. cannot properly be regarded as specifically distinct from B. pilosa L. Thus, for example, J. F. Macbride 2899 and 2901, at altitude of about 2,400 meters, Matucana, Peru, etc. (Field), 1 have tripartite leaves 1 These and the other Macbride specimens cited were obtained by Mr. Mac- bride, who had the matter particularly in mind on his recent South American expedition. Of each number I have seen various duplicates awaiting distribution to other herbaria. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXII BIDENS OSTRUTHIOIDES var. COSTARICENSIS (Benth. ex Oerst.) Sherff OF U liilHOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 453 and are a form 1 of B. pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. But Macbride 2902 (Field), collected at the same place and same time as Macbride 2899 and 2901, has the foliage mostly bipinnatisect, and is very close to or identical with various specimens of B. alausensis H.B.K. from Chile and Ecuador. 2 Macbride 2900 p.p., altitude about 2,400 meters, Matucana, Peru, March 14-18, 1923 (Field), and 3473, altitude about 2,550 meters, Cani, Peru, April 16-26, 1923, also are identical in habit and technical characters with B. alausensis, except that they are taller and more robust and their foliage is more finely cut, becoming even tripinnatisect. These are identical with A. D'Orbigny 1234, Bolivia (Par.), labeled Bidens Scandicina var. glabrescens by Weddell. They match also the Berlin and Paris cotypes of B. Scandicina H.B.K., except that the latter have more pubescent leaves with somewhat finer divisions. It is significant that the types of B. alausensis H.B.K. and B. Scandicina H.B.K., here seen to be so closely connected by intermediate specimens, were collected by Humboldt and Bonpland in the same vicinity: B. alausensis between Alausi and Tambo de Guamote (the type label gives merely "Alausi"), Ecuador, and B. Scandicina between Llactacunga and Ambato, Ecuador. It might seem at first that there is here a situation comparable with that in B. pilosa var. bimucronata (Turcz.) 0. E. Schulz, where the form with finely divided leaves is reducible to subordinate rank as f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff. In such a case we should have the names alausensis and Scandicina taking respectively formal and subformal rank under the name B. pilosa var. radiata, giving names which would be very cumbersome. It seems more probable that in the present case the alausensis and Scandicina forms do not intergrade nearly so much with B. pilosa var. radiata as does the odorata form with B. pilosa var. bimucronata. Hence there appears good reason for assigning B. alausensis varietal status directly under B. pilosa, and reducing B. Scandicina to a forma under the variety. Bidens pilosa var. <=. alausensis f. 1. Scandicina (H.B.K.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 36. 1926. PI. CVII. Bidens Scandicina H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 184 (235). 1820. Folia plus dissecta, saepe tripinnatisecta, segmentis angustioribus. 1 Having rays mostly 5-8 mm. long and slightly more yellowish than usual in the var. radiata. They suggest in the ray characters the allied forms that pass under the name B. pilosa var. minor (Bl.) Sherff. 2 See also remarks under B. pilosa var. Apiifolia (DC.) Sherff. 454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland, between Llactacunga (Latacunga) and Ambato, Ecuador, 1799-1803 (Par.). Distribution: Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Specimens examined: Otto Buchtien, alt. 3,500 meters, LaPaz, Bolivia, May, 1911 (Mun.);*dera 125, alt. 3,460 meters, eodem loco, March 8, 1919 (Field) ; idem 355, alt. 3,600 meters, San Jorge, La Paz, Bolivia, October 10, 1921 (Field; Gray); idem 378, alt. 3,460 meters, La Paz, March 8, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets); idem 811, eodem loco et tempore (Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Mo.; N.Y.); 1 Const, de Jelski (distrib. Ign. de Szyszylowicz 657 and 735), Cutervo, Peru, April, 1879 (Berl.); Alcide D'Orbigny 1234, Dept. Chuquisaca, Bolivia, February (Par., sub nom. B. Scandicina var. glabrescenti Weddell); F. L. Herrera, Valley of the Apurimac, Dept. Cuzco, Peru, February 29 (Field) ; Humboldt & Bonpland, between Llactacunga and Ambato, Ecuador, 1799-1803 (type, Par.: cotypes, Berl. 2 sheets; Par., 2 sheets; Willd., 2 sheets); Otto Kuntze, alt. 3,000 meters, near Cocha- bamba, Bolivia, March 26, 1892 (N.Y.); J. F. Macbride 2900 pro parte, very rocky valley floor, alt. 2,400 meters, Matucana, Peru, March 14-18, 1923 (Field, cum var. alausensi ipsa lecta) ; idem 3473, alt. about 2,550 meters, Cani (town 7 miles northeast of Mito), Peru, April 16-26, 1923 (Field) ; Rivet 29, Caripacunga, vicinity of Quito, Ecuador, February 19-21, 1902 (Par., 2 sheets); idem 245, Quito, Ecuador, October, 1902 (Par.); A. Sodiro, in fields among the Andes, near Pomasqui, Ecuador, February, 1896 (Berl., 2 sheets; cum var. alausensi ipsa lecta). For remarks about this form, see under var. alausensis above. Bidens pilosa var. . Apiifolia (DC.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 1. 1928. Bidens chilensis var. Apiifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 604. 1836. Varietas inter varietates radiatam et alausensem omnibus cha- racteribus labans (forsan hybrida?). 1 In the Buchtien specimens the similarity to certain Umbelliferae, implied in the name Scandicina, is most striking. In fact, before seeing the Sodiro (cf. Hieronymus, Bot. Jahrb. 29: 48. 1901) and de Jelski specimens, I had not thought to connect the Buchtien specimens with f. Scandicina, and had tentatively con- sidered them as representing a new species. Curiously enough, I too had been impressed with the resemblance to certain Umbelliferae, especially Musineon, and, to a lesser extent, Chaerophyllum, and had tentatively employed a trivial name based upon the resemblance to Musineon. In one specimen by Buchtien (No. 811) the foliage and general habit suggest also those of Anthemis Cotula L. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXIII b BIDENS BICOLOH Greenm. OF THc UNIVERSITY OF (HINDIS THE GENUS BIDENS 455 Type specimen: Collected by Eduard Poeppig, No. 207, in rocky and gravelly maritime places near Valparaiso, Chile, June (Del.)- Distribution : Known only from Chile. Specimens examined: Erik Asplund 42, Valparaiso, July 17, 1921 (Stockh.); Poeppig 207 (type, Del.: cotypes, Berl.; Hll.; Kiel; Mus. V., etc.). In a former article (Bot. Gaz. 76: 158. 1923), Bidens chilensis var. Apiifolia DC. was discussed and the Berlin cotype (Poeppig 207) of that variety was treated as "an unimportant foliage form of B. alausensis." Subsequent study of much cotype material, in conjunction with several specimens collected by J. F. Macbride at Matucana, Peru, revealed closer affinities of several of the original specimens with B. pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. Specimens of Poep- pig 207 were studied in collections belonging to several of the older herbaria. Two specimens in Vienna and one in Berlin appeared closer to var. alausensis, but the cotypes elsewhere appeared, when studied in the light of the interesting Macbride specimens previously described (cf. Bot. Gaz. 81: 35. 1926), to be closer to var. radiata. The nomenclatural problem offered by the publication in 1836 by DeCandolle of this var. Apiifolia is particularly vexing, since its publication antedated that for both the var. alausensis and the var. radiata. An equation of the var. Apiifolia with either of these two varieties would compel the taking up of the name Apiifolia and the reduction of a well established name to synonymy. The intermediate nature and ill denned status of the var. Apiifolia would make such a course seem unwise, if not indeed impossible. Apparently the interests of taxonomy are best conserved by employing the com- bination B. pilosa var. Apiifolia to apply only to the form inter- mediate between vars. alausensis and radiata, and represented by Poeppig 207. In this case, the last two names, each certain in its application and well supported in herbaria by illustrative material, are left undisturbed. 1 Bidens pilosa var. 17. calcicola (Greenm.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 377, pi. 20. 1925. PI. CVIII and PI. CIX, figs, a and c-j. Cosmos pilosus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 189 (241). 1820. Bidens exaristata DC. Prodr. 5: 600. 1836. Bidens brachycarpa DC. loc. cit. 1 Concerning the intermediate nature of var. Apiifolia, it may be remarked that while DeCandolle ranked this variety under B. chilensis DC. (=B. pilosa var. alausensis), Poeppig's original printed labels bore the name "B. leucantha L." (-B. pilosa var. radiata). 456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens rosea Schz. Bip. in Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 308. 1852-1857. Bidens rosea var. calcicola Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 41: 264. 1905. Bidens pilosa var. brachycarpa (DC.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 138. 1911. Bidens orendaniae Jones, Extracts Contr. West. Bot. 18: 82. 1933. Planta gracilis 1.5-6 dm. alta. Folia saepe minora, foliolo terminali plerumque 1-3.5 cm. longo. Capitula plerumque radiata radiis albidis vel rosaceis, pansa ad anthesin tantum 1-1.5 cm. lata. Achaenia parva, corporibus 4-9 mm. longa, 1 biaristata aristis 1-1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 11340, at altitude of 1,200 meters, on limestone hills, Yautepec, near Cuernavaca, State of Morelos, Mexico, October 21, 1902 (Gray). Distribution: In Mexico from the states of Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, and Nayarit southward to the states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Guerrero; also in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Colombia; in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo, Brazil, where apparently adventive. Specimens examined: Berlandier 5 and 113, Tampico, Tamau- lipas, Mexico, in 1827 (Del., 2 sheets; Par.; Webb; type collection of Bidens brachycarpa DC.); idem 39, Mexico (Par.); idem 800, Mexico (Gray; Mo.); idem 2220, between Victoria and Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico, November, 1830 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Par.); Bourgeau 2253, Valley of Cordoba, Mexico, April 16, 1866 (Par.); J. J. Cooper 5814 p.p., alt. 1,275 meters, Cartago, Prov. Cartago, Costa Rica, December, 1887 (Berl.; Field; Gray; forma radiis parvis vel deficien- tibus) ; G. M. Emrick 145, Hacienda Coahuayula, Michoacan, Mexico, February, 1901 (Field); J. M. Greenman 174, near Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, January 25, 1906 (Field); idem & M. T. Greenman 5312, San Pedro, east of San Jose", Costa Rica, January 25, 1922 (Mo.): J. Gregg 430, Mexico, September 3, 1848 (Mo.); Carl Heller 37, alt. 900 meters, in meadows, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Par. ; Mus. V.); Heyde & Lax 3788, alt. 1,050 meters, Cerro Gordo, Dept. Santa Rosa, Guatemala, September, 1892 (Gray; Mun.); idem 6172, alt. 800 meters, Cuijiniquilapa, Dept. Santa Rosa, Guatemala, November, 1893 (Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray) ; Hoehne & Gehrt 23904, Sao Vicente, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil, March 28, 1929 (U.S.); Carl Hoffmann 742, San Jose", Costa Rica, April, 1857 (Berl.); 1 O. E. Schulz (loc. cit.) and DeCandolle (loc. cit.) both give the achenial length as about 6 mm. ("3 lin.") but cotype material of B. brachycarpa DC. (Par.) has many fruiting heads with achenes having bodies 8-9 mm. long. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXIV h d BIDENS HOLSTII (O. Hoffm.) Sherff . OF THi OF IUINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 457 Humboldt & Bonpland, alt. 2,340 meters, in arid places, near Santa Rosa de la Sierra, near western boundary of State of Guanajuato (cf. H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 7: 434 et 456. 1825), September, 1803- 1804 (Par.; type of Cosmos pilosus H.B.K. and hence of Bidens rosea Schz. Bip.); M. E. Jones 27770, Orendain, Jalisco, Mexico, November 27, 1930 (Pom.; type of Bidens orendaniae Jones); H. Karsten, Quindio, Colombia (Petrop.); E. Kerber 9, Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, July 22, 1882 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Par., 3 sheets; Mus. V., etc.) ; F. M. Liebmann 640, Colipa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, March, 1841 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; idem 641, Papantla, Vera Cruz, June, 1841 (Cop.); idem 643, Mirador, Vera Cruz, January, 1843 (Cop. ; Klatt's sketch in Gray) ; idem 651, Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico, December, 1841 (Cop.) ; Fred Miiller 238, Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1853 (N.Y.); idem 544 p.p., eodem loco, 1855 (N.Y.); E. W. Nelson 2111, alt. 1,350-1,710 meters, between Tlapa and Ayusinapa, Gue- rrero, Mexico, December 13, 1894 (Gray); idem 6868, Los Reyes, Michoacan, Mexico, February 8-12, 1903 (Gray; foliis glabris et valde membranaceis) ; Edward Palmer, Terr. Tepic (Nayarit), Janu- ary 5-February 6, 1892 (U.S.); idem 68, alt. about 15 meters, vicin- ity of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico, January, 1910 (Mo.; N.Y.); idem 192, Alvarez, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, September 28-October 3, 1902 (Gray) ; Parkinson, Mexico (Kew) ; C. G. Pringle 11340 (type, Gray); E. M. Reineck, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, November, 1898 (Gray) ; Rose, Painter, & Rose 10061, near Tomellin, Oaxaca, September 4-5, 1905 (U.S.); W. W. Rowlee & H. E. Stork 842, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica, August 30, 1920 (N.Y.) ; H. E. Seaton 419, alt. 810 meters, Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, August 20, 1891 (Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 682, vicinity of Gallinas, Distr. Ciudad del Maiz, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Febru- ary, 1888 (Berl.); Sinclair, San Bias, Terr. Tepic, Mexico (Kew); Ad. Tonduz 14779, alt. 1,400 meters, Ferme de Guacimo, Costa Rica, July 30, 1901 (Boiss.; forma capitulis discoideis). Greenman (loc. cit.) lists Palmer 192, E. W. Nelson 6868, and Heyde & Lux 6172 (all in Gray) as representing Bidens rosea Schz. Bip. (Cosmos pilosus H.B.K.). Without discussing B. rosea Schz. Bip., the immature type of which (Par.) is especially well matched by the Palmer plant, it is sufficient here to state that these specimens are referable to Bidens brachycarpa DC. The type and cotype specimens of B. brachycarpa DC. (Del.; Par., etc.), with their small leaves, small heads, more or less rosaceous ligules, and small, ex- aristate, upwardly attenuate achenes, appear widely different from 458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI typical B. pilosa L. A study of the other herbarium specimens cited above, however, shows it to be impossible to maintain separate specific rank for them; rather must they be given varietal rank under B. pilosa as was done by 0. E. Schulz (loc. cit.). According to the International Rules, the earlier varietal name calcicola must be applied here. 1 The type of the var. calcicola, Pringle 11340 (Gray), has a single pair of stem leaves present, these pinnately 5-parted, with the terminal and basal leaflets more or less definitely 3-parted; the divisions are lanceolate; the involucres are rather densely canous-pubescent. These characters are found to be dupli- cated in various of the specimens above. DeCandolle appears to have attached undue importance to the amount of scabridity on the achenial surfaces. Thus he placed Berlandier 5 and 113, with achenes scabrous, in his new species B. brachycarpa, but Berlandier 2220, with achenes less glabrous 2 and happening to have a taller, more corymbose habit, with the terminal leaflets more elongate, he described separately under the new name B. exaristata. The technical characters of flowers and fruit offer no warrant for maintaining B. exaristata as a separate species or variety apart from the var. caleicola. As to the somewhat taller habit and more corymbosely or even fastigiately branched inflores- cence observed in certain specimens (Berlandier 39, Del., Par.; idem 2220, Del., Par.; Nelson 2111, U.S.), these seem to be merely the result of a capricious growth. Indeed, Berlandier 800 and 2220 in the Gray Herbarium have a much more loosely corymbose in- florescence as, in fact, DeCandolle's description states ("laxe corym- bosa"), and thus at once remove from consideration the only charac- ter that by some botanists might be thought important. Through the first Berlandier specimen just cited (No. 800) an approach is made to B. pilosa var. bimucronata (Turcz.) 0. E. Schulz, a variety 1 The Berlin Herbarium has several specimens of B. pilosa (leg. Sello et al.) with mature achenes only 4-5 mm. long and closely simulating the var. calcicola plants in all important respects except that they lack rays. Similarly, various herbaria have plants of the var. radiata with diminutive, commonly pubescent leaves and many of the fruiting heads minute, approaching the var. calcicola type so closely as practically to efface all varietal distinctions. The Tonduz specimens might almost equally well be regarded as of the species proper, and in fact had been treated as that by me until the same local form appeared again during further studies (Cooper 5814), with some of the heads radiate. 2 DeCandolle (loc. cit.) actually described the achenes as glabrous ("achaeniis glabris"), but in two sheets of Berlandier 2220 (Del.), many of the achenes are dis- tinctly scabrous near the apex. O. E. Schulz (loc. cit.), evidently relying upon DeCandolle, likewise regarded B. exaristata as having glabrous achenes. Thus he stated: ' B. exaristatus DC. . . . ab hac varietate [B. pilosa var. bimucronata] acheniis glabris differt." Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXV BIDENS HOLSTII var. RUPESTRIS SherfT OF THt OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 459 which has the heads usually larger, the leaves more often glabrous or subglabrous, and the lateral leaflets (in the variety proper) typically undivided. Bidens pilosa var. 77. calcicola f. 1. dissecta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 379. 1925. PI. CIX, fig. 6. A varietate differt: foliis bipinnatis vel etiam tripinnatisectis, segmentis linearibus vel anguste lanceolatis. Type specimen: Collected by Heyde &Lux, No. 6164, at altitude of 1,300 meters, Malpais, Department of Santa Rosa, Guatemala, November, 1893 (Gray). Distribution: State of Michoacan, Mexico, southeastward to Guatemala. 1 Specimens examined: Bro. G. Arsene 3164, alt. 1,900 meters, flooded places to the east of Morelia, Michoacan,' October 7, 1909 (Gray; N.Y.); Bernoulli & Cario 1551, Quezaltenango, Guatemala, July, 1876 (Kew); Heyde & Lux 6164 (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss., 4 sheets; Brit.; Cop.; Field; Kew); iidem 6170, alt. 1,600 meters, La Vega, Department of Santa Rosa, Guatemala, September, 1893 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew); L. H. MacDaniels 114, alt. 1,650 meters, along Cuernavaca-Taxco Road, about 10 miles from Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, August 19, 1935 (Field) ; E. W. Nelson 6868 (N.Y.); Schaffner, Mexico (Berl.); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 1184 p.p., Patzcuaro, Michoacan, November 2, 1895 (N.Y.). A form comparable with the var. calcicola in much the same way that the bipinnately leaved f. odorata of B. pilosa var. bimucronata (Turcz.) 0. E. Schulz is comparable with that variety. Indeed, of the var. bimucronata and its form with more compound foliage (i.e., f. odorata}, there are found at times stunted or dwarfed specimens which have flowering and fruiting heads diminutive enough to be taken for var. calcicola and f. dissecta. It is therefore possible that in some of my past herbarium determinations I may have confused the two varieties and their respective forms to a slight extent. 2 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIX, FIG. b Bidens pilosa: 5-partite cauline leaf, with lowermost leaflets 2-partite, approaching those in B. biternata, X0.7; from sheet in Hb. 1 Among specimens additional to those listed and found to be true f. dissecta, but omitted because of the uncertainties connected with the written data (cf. Standley, Science n. ser. 65: 130. 1927), was a fine specimen purporting to be by Fr. Nicolas, Moulin d'Huexotitla, vicinity of Puebla, July 15, 1909 (Kew). Aside from this plant, I have seen no authentic Mexican material known definitely to have come from elsewhere than the states of Michoacan and Guerrero. 2 For var. calcicola and f. dissecta I have, in various herbaria, used until recently the name B. pilosa var. brachycarpa (DC.) 0. E. Schz., etc. 460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Linn, (where properly treated as Bidens pilosa but labeled on reverse side "Rumph. amb. 6, t. 15")- EXPLANATION OF PLATE CII Bidens pilosa, figs, a, b, e-j: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.69; b, separate leaf, X0.69; e, exterior involucral bract, X3.43; f, interior involucral bract, X3.43; g, palea, X3.43; h, disc floret, X3.43; i (outer), j (inner), achenes, X3.43; all from Maxon 724, in Hb. U.S. Bidens pilosa var. minor, figs, c, d, k-r: c, d, separate leaves, X0.69; k, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.69; /, exterior involu- cral bract, X3.43; m, interior involucral bract, X3.43; n, ray floret, X3.43; o, palea, X3.43; p, disc floret, X3.43; q (outer), r (inner), achenes, X3.43; c, d, from Sodiro 4314 (type of Bidens pilosa var. brevifoliata Hieron.), in Hb. BerL; k-r, from Eggers 208, in Hb. Kew. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CIII, FIGS, a-h Bidens pilosa var. radiata: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.7; b, 5-partite leaf, X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.56; d, interior involucral bract, X5.56; e, ray floret, X3.48; /, palea, X5.56; g, disc floret, X5.56; h, achene, X3.48; a, c-h, from Bitting 1297, in Hb. Field; 6, from type of Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd., in Hb. Linn. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CIV, FIGS, a-l Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata: a, b, lower and upper portions of same flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.68; c, exterior involucral bract, X6.79; d, interior involucral bract, X6.79; e, ray floret, X3.4; /, palea, X4.07; g, disc floret, X4.07; h, i, achenes differing length of awns, X4.07; all homEhrenberg 111, in Hb. Berl. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CV Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.58; b, lower cauline leaf, X0.58; c, portion of stem and portion of adjacent leaf, magnified to show details, Xl.75; d, exterior involucral bract, X3.49; e, interior involucral bract, X3.49; /, ray floret, X3.49; g, palea, X3.49; h, disc floret, X3.49: i, anthers, X 17.46; j, pollen grain, X336; k, upper portion of pistil, X 17.46; / (outer), m (inner), achenes, X4.14; all from Pringle 1291 (cotype of Bidens inermis Wats.), in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CVI Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata, figs, a-h: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.66; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.98; Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXVI BIDENS KAMERUNENSIS Sheril OF THE Of if HN8IS THE GENUS BIDENS 461 c, interior involucral bract, X3.98; d, ray corolla, X2.66; e, palea, X3.98; /, disc floret, X3.98; g (outer), h (inner), achenes, X3.98; a, mainly from hb. Cavanilles (original material of Bidens odorata Cav.), in Hb. Brit., but slightly from Orcutt 3657, in Hb. Mo.; rest from Orcutt 3657, ibid. Bidens pilosa var. alausensis, figs, i-o: i, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.66; j, exterior involucral bract, X3.98; k, interior involucral bract, X3.98; I, ray corolla, X3.98; m, portion of palea, X3.98; n, disc floret, X3.98; o, achene, X3.98; i, mainly from type but partly from cotype, in Hb. Par.; j-o, from Bertero 845, in Hb. Gray. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CVII Bidens pilosa var. alausensis f. Scandicina: a, flowering and fruit- ing branch, X0.61; b-d, diverse leaves, X0.61; e, exterior involucral bract, X3.68; /, interior involucral bract, X3.68; g, ray corolla, X3.68; h, palea, X3.68; *, disc floret, X3.68; j (outer), k (inner), achenes, X3.68; a, from De Szyszylowicz 657, in Hb. Berl.; 6, e-k, from De Szyszylowicz 735, ibid.; c, d, from Sodiro, near Pomasqui, Ecuador, February, 1896, 2 sheets, ibid. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CVIII Bidens pilosa var. calcicola: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.59; b, exterior involucral bract, X4.13; c, interior involucral bract, X4.13; d, ray floret, X4.13; e, palea, X4.13; /, disc floret, X4.13; g (outer), h (inner), achenes, X4.13; a, from Kerber 9, in Hb. Berl. ; b-h, from Berlandier 5 and 113 (cotypes of Bidens brachycarpa DC.), in Hb. Par. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CIX, FIGS, a-j Bidens pilosa var. calcicola, figs, a, c-j: flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; c, lower surface of portion of leaf from a, showing pubescence, Xl.24; d, exterior involucral bract, X3.71; e, interior involucral bract, X3.71; /, ray corolla, X3.71; g, palea, X3.71; h, disc floret, X3.71; i (outer), j (inner), achenes, X3.71; all from Heyde and Lux 6172, in Hb. Gray. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola f. dissecta, fig. b: a single leaf, X0.62; from type. 133. Bidens subalternans DC. Prodr. 5: 600. 1836. PI. CX. Bidens quadrangularis DC. loc. cit. Bidens platensis Mang. An. Mus. Buenos Aires 24: 230. 1913. Bidens megapotamica 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl.: 182. 1914 (non Spreng.). 462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Folia unipinnata var. 7. unipinnata. Folia plus minusve bipinnata. Foliorum segmenta plerumque linearia var. /3. simulans. Foliorum segmenta saepius lanceolata .B. subalternans sensu stricto. Herba annua, erecta, ramosa, 4-10 (vel etiam fere usque ad 30) dm. alta, caule tetragono glabro vel sparsim hispido. Folia petiolata petiolis usque ad 5.5 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-21 cm. longa, bipinnatifida vel subsimpliciter pinnata; segmentis membranaceis, breviter et dense vel remote hispidis, plus minusve dentatis vel irregulariter lobulatis, infra pallidioribus, terminalibus plerumque elongato-lanceolatis vel elongato-linearibus, acuminatis, lateralibus saepe angustioribus. Capitula non numerosa, ramos terminantia, pedunculata pedunculis 1-4 cm. longis, discoidea vel subradiata, ad anthesin 8-10 mm. lata et 5-6 mm. alta, demum cum achaeniis circ. 1.7 cm. lata et circ. 1.6 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae subaequales, exteriores circ. 8, anguste lineares, ciliatae, plus minusve hispidae, acute vel subobtuse calloso-apiculatae, demum 4-6 mm. longae, interiores lineari-lanceolatae. Flores ligulati albidi vel albido- flavi et rudimentarii, saepe deficientes. Achaenia non pauca (30-50), linearia, tetragona, sulcata, atra, glabra vel superne leviter hispida, corpore exteriora 6-8 mm. interiora 8-14 mm. longa et paleas facile superantia, plerumque 4- (rarius 2-3-) aristata aristis erectis vel sube- rectis retrorsum hamosis 1-2.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Philip Salzmann, in cultivated places about Bahia, Brazil, in 1830 (Del.). Distribution: Uruguay and central Argentina to northern and western Brazil; found long ago (MacGillivray) on the Isle of Pines in the West Indies. Specimens examined: Jose Arechavaleta 4123, Montevideo, Uru- guay, March, 1874 (Kew) ; Banks & Solander, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1768 (Brit.); C. Bettfreund & Isolina Roster 460 and 461, Almagro- Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina, communic. 1889 (Berl.); Blanchet 51, Bahia, Brazil (Del.); idem 195, eodem loco, 1831 (Del.); Bowie & Cunningham, Monte de Santa Theresa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, February 10, 1815 (Brit.); Otto Buchtien 4167 and 4182, alt. 1,300 meters, Milluguaya, North Yungas, Bolivia, December, 1917 (Field) ; R. E. Fries 1084, shady, wet place among bushes, Tarija, Bolivia, January 16, 1902 (Petrop.; Stockh., 2 sheets); idem 1456, among bushes at edge of forest, Gran Chaco, Tatarenda, Bolivia, March 25, 1902 (Petrop.; Stockh., 2 sheets; U.S.); Galander, Cordoba, Argentina, November 30, 1877 (Berl.); idem, eodem loco, March Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXVII b a BIDENS GRANTII var. STAPFII Sherff (figs, a-i) BIDENS STEPPIA (Stcetz) Sherff (figs, j-r) , OF THt HNIVENITY ftf THE GENUS BIDENS 463 15, 1878 (Berl.; forma foliis dissectior; nom. vulg. amor seco) ; George Gardner 2222, dry, hilly places, lane near Oeiras, northern Brazil, March, 1839 (Kew); idem 3851, Goyaz, Brazil, 1841 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V.; Oxf.; Par.); Ernest Gibert, road- sides, Montevideo, Uruguay, January, 1874 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); idem la, eodem loco, 1858 (Kew, 2 sheets); idem 95, eodem loco (Kew); Emit Hassler 375, in ploughed fields near San Bernardino, central Paraguay, July, 1885-1895 (Boiss., 2 sheets; Brit.; Hassl.; Kew; N.Y.); idem 3623, in ploughed fields, San Bernardino, Decem- ber, 1897-1899 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gen.; Gray; Hassl.; Kew; Mus. V.); idem 11558, in region of Lake Ypacaray, Paraguay, February, 1913 (Berl.; Brit.; Hassl.; Mo.); Guill. Herter, Sayago, Uruguay, 1907 (Gray; Kew); idem 787 pro parte (Stockh.); G. Hieronymus, Colanchanga, Sierra Chica de Cordoba, Argentina, February, 1882 (Berl.; forma); Hort. Bot. Genevae, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September 24, 1826 (N.Y.); Lhotzky, Bahia, Brazil (Berl.); C. A. M. Lindman, noticeable in rubbish-covered places everywhere through the state, Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, April 20, 1893 (Stockh., 2 sheets) ; idem, dry fields, Paraguari, Para- guay, 1894 (Stockh., forma monstr.); P. G. Lorentz 219, Cordoba, Argentina, 1871 (Berl.); D. Lund, Brazil (Cop.); John MacGillivray 783, margin of woods, Isle of Pines, October 2, 1853 (Kew) ; ex herb. John Miers, Mendoza and Buenos Aires, Argentina (Brit.) et 705, Mendoza (Kew; nom. vulg., amores secos); Thomas Morong 208, Asuncion, Paraguay, November 30, 1888 (Mo.; N.Y.; Phila.); idem 959, growing almost 3 meters high, Pilcomaya River, Paraguay, 1888-1890 (Gray; Mo.; Phila.); C. Niederlein 95, Conception del Uruguay, Argentina, April 30, 1880 (Berl.); L. R. Parodi 8133, San Vincente, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 14, 1927 (Gray); Perrot, along the Cuyaba River, Mattogrosso, Brazil, April 22, 1899 (Berl., 3 sheets; usque ad 2 m. alta); R. Pilger 505 (Berl.); Ponson, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1828 (Del., type of Bidens quadrangularis DC.); Raimooser, Paraguay (U.V., 2 sheets); A, F. Regnell III. 778 pro parte, in forest, Caldas, Minas Geraes, Brazil, February 23, 1869 (Stockh.); Salzmann, cultivated places about Bahia, Brazil, 1830 (Del., type); F. Schickendantz 57, Yacatula, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, March, 1879 (Berl.; forma); Sello, Brazil (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 607, Brazil (Berl.); Teodoro Stuckert 9469, Burruyacu, Prov. Tucuman, Argentina, April 1, 1900 (Del., 2 sheets); idem 9215, Tucuman, April 6, 1900 (Del.); idem 13077, Burruyacu, April 20, 464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 1903 (Del.); Tamberlik, western Brazil (Mus. V.); Algernon Weddell 3169, Paraguay, April-May, 1845 (Par., 3 sheets). 0. E. Schulz (loc. cit.) found in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Berlin three sheets of Bidens material collected by Sello (the name often spelled "Sellow" in literature), No. 607, in Brazil. These he determined as Bidens megapotamica Spreng., although the labels bore no data as to the locality in Brazil whence the plants came. Sprengel's description was based upon a plant collected by Sello at "Rio Grande" in "Brazil." 1 That Schulz had not seen this Rio Grande specimen is shown by his citing it "Sellow ex Sprengel." In 1923 (Bot. Gaz. 76: 91) I presented these and other facts and stated the conclusion that Bidens megapotamica was a species of Thele- sperma and as such had been correctly renamed Thelesperma mega- potamicum (Spreng.) 0. Kuntze (taking precedence in Thelesperma over the synonym T. Scabiosoides Less.). In 1926 (Bot. Gaz. 81: 252-254) I reported finding what seemed an authentic specimen of Bidens megapotamica Spreng. in the Deles- sert Herbarium and on the strength of that specimen, of the well known Isostigma Peucedanifolium (Spreng.) Less., made the new combination I. megapotamicum (Spreng.). About the same time, but too late to prevent publication of this new combination (vide Bot. Gaz. 83: 425. 1927), Dr. S. F. Blake reported finding the true type of B. megapotamica Spreng. in the Schultz Bipontinus Herbarium (Par.). This plant, as his photograph and observations showed, was true Thelesperma Scabiosoides Less. Thus the plant of the Delessert Herbarium was seen to be of spurious or at least erroneous determina- tion, and my first reasoning, namely, that Bidens megapotamica Spreng. was equivalent to and took precedence over Thelesperma Scabiosoides Less, (thus validating the name Thelesperma mega- potamicum [Spreng.] 0. Ktze.), was proved correct. 1 Sprengel Latinized the citation Rio Grande to read "Ad fl. magnum Amer. austr.," evidently thinking that a Rio Grande River had been meant by Sello. The name megapotamica would seem to emphasize this fact. A study of various specimen labels, however, shows that Sello collected many specimens either in the State of Rio Grande Do Sul or in the country just south, which, although shortly after Sello's collecting separated from Brazil under the name of Uruguay, was considered a part of Brazil when Sello collected, and may easily have been con- sidered by him a part of the adjacent province of Rio Grande Do Sul. Thus we read (as given by Lessing, Linnaea 6: 103. 1831): "Sellow in Brasilia meridionali ad Rio Pardo Octbr. et Novbr. 1823"; ibid. 141, "In Monte Video Commerson et Sellow"; ibid. 516, "Sellow in Campis ad Rio Nigro." In this connection we may note also that DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 634. 1836) cites for the State of Rio Grande Do Sul four species of Thelesperma and Isostigma collected by Sello and cited by Lessing merely as coming from Brazil. THE GENUS BIDENS 465 This is particularly reassuring, since it enables us definitely to eliminate from consideration the trivial name megapotamica in the genus Bidens, where it had been placed erroneously by 0. E. Schulz (loc. cit.), and for the one species considered here to take up the name B. subalternans DC. Bidens platensis Mang. was described as a hybrid between B. pilosa L. (staminate) and "B. bipinnata L." (pistillate). A study of Miss Manganaro's text convinced me some time ago that the plant which had been assumed to be B. bipinnata L. was in reality B. subalternans var. simulans. Recently I was given valuable aid in the determi- nation of B. platensis by Professor Angel L. Cabrera of the La Plata Museum in Argentina. In a letter he wrote to the following effect: His numerous searches in the past for the type of B. platensis had been fruitless. He therefore had given the type up for lost. Recently, however, he had been entrusted with the rearrangement of the Spegazzini collections for the La Plata Museum. Now, the late Miss Manganaro had been a pupil of Spegazzini, and at her death her parents sent her collections to Spegazzini. Professor Cabrera found her collections inside an old chest, in November, 1930. The herbarium was in great disorder, without labels or any other indications. There were, however, several specimens of Bidens that had been very carefully mounted, and these were "closely similar to the original figure of B. platensis." Since no other specimens in the Manganaro collection had been given such special care, Professor Cabrera concluded (without doubt rightly) that these specially mounted ones represented the type material of B. platensis. He lent two of the supposedly type specimens for study and they are now before me. Both are typical B. subalternans. Bidens subalternans var. /3. simulans Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 291. 1929. A specie foliis plus dissectis, segmentis plerumque plus minusve linearibus, differt. Type specimen : Collected by Pedro Jb'rgensen, No. 1785, growing erect, one meter high, Department of Andalgala, Province of Cata- marca, Argentina, October 1, 1917 (U.S.). Distribution : With the species, but much rarer. Specimens examined: A. L. Cabrera 873, La Plata, Argentina, April 18, 1929 (Field); P. Dusen, in cultivated places, Tlapcrussu, Parana, Brazil, February 29, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9432, in grassy, shrubby places, State of Parana, March 25, 1910 (Gray; N.Y.; 466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI U.S.); Guill. Herter 787 pro parte, alt. 30 meters, in clay soil, along roads, Toledo, Dept. Canelones, Uruguay, May, 1927 (Gray); P. Jorgensen 1283, Dept. Andalgala, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, October 11, 1916 (Gray; U.S.); idem 1785 (type, U.S.: cotype, Gray); Otto Kuntze, Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, December, 1894 (N.Y.); idem, eodem loco (Mo.); Regnell III. 778 pro parte, in cultivated places, Caldas, Minas Geraes, Brazil (Stockh.); idem III. 778a, Rio Verde, Caldas (Stockh.); S.'Venturi 121, barracks south of Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 28, 1902 (Stockh.). At times Bidens subalternans is found with the leaves delicately 2-3-pinnatisect and the segments linear, even narrowly so. For a number of years, when making herbarium determinations, I included such forms under the species proper without distinction. Only more recently have I distinguished them as var. simulans. In some cases they suggest B. bipinnata L. so strongly as to create confusion. In other cases they display a slight approach to B. exigua Sherff. Bidens subalternans var. 7. unipinnata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 292. 1929. A specie foliis pinnatim 3-5-partitis foliolis lanceolatis vel ovato- lanceolatis differt. Type specimen: Collected by Emil Hassler, No. 11558, in the region of Lake Ypacaray, central Paraguay, February, 1913 (Gray). Distribution: Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Specimens examined: Beyrich, in rubbish-strewn places near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Stockh.) ; Blanchet 816, about Bahia, Brazil, 1831 (N.Y.); R. E. Fries, Santa Barbara, Prov. Salta, Argentina, July, 1901 (Stockh.); Hassler 11558 (Gray, type); P. Jorgensen 1080, Comau, Andalgala, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, November 11, 1916 (Mo.); idem 2041, Terr. Chaco, Argentina (Mo.); G. A. Malme 1410B, in rubbish-strewn places, Santa Anna da Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, February 20, 1894 (Stockh.); Martins, herb-grown places along San Francisco River near Joazeiro, Bahia, Brazil, March-April (Kew); L. R. Parodi 7787, adventive in cultiva- tions, Lanugasta, Chilecito, Prov. La Rioja, Argentina, January 31, 1927 (Gray). Occasionally a South American specimen of Bidens is found with the general aspect of B. pilosa L., but with the fruiting heads as in the closely related B. subalternans. A close inspection shows that the only difference from typical B. subalternans is in the once-pinnate (instead of twice-pinnate) leaves. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXVIII BIDENS RUFOVENOSA Sherff (figs, a-t) BIDENS LEPTOLEPIS Sherff (figs, j-p) Of 11UHOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 467 EXPLANATION OF PLATE CX Bidens subalternans: a (lower), 6 (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.57; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.53; d, interior involucral bract, X4.53; e, ray corolla, X4.53; /, palea, X4.53; g, disc floret, X4.53; h (outer), i (inner), achenes, X4.53; all from Morong 959, in Hb. Gray. 134. Bidens domingensis 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 429. 1912. Plate CXI. Herba erecta, annua, ramosa, 3-5 dm. alta, caule quadrangulato subglabroque. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus ciliatisque usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto circ. 5-7 cm. longa, simpliciter pin- nata, bijuga; foliolis membranaceis, ciliatis, utrinque pilis articulatis crispis disperse pilosis; terminali oblongo-ovato, apice acuminate, ad basim decurrenti, utrinque profunde 3-6-serrato, circ. 2-3 cm. longo et 1-1.3 cm. lato; lateralibus ovatis, superioribus plus minusve sessilibus, inferioribus breviter petiolulatis; folia suprema foliolis angustiora et oblonga. Capitula pauca tenuiter pedunculata pedun- culis 6-15 cm. longis, subradiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-8 mm. alta et 4-9 mm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, lineares, ciliatae, circ. 4.5 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae paulo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, albidi, non perspicui; flores tubulosi circ. 20. Achaenia linearia, subattenuata, nigrescentia, supra pilosa, subtetragona, corpore 1-1.6 cm. longa, apice bi- vel rarius tri- aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 2.5-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Miguel Fuertes, No. 1324, at altitude of 1,300 meters, La Ho near Rincon, Province of Barahona, Santo Domingo, October, 1911 (Berl.). Distribution: Island of Santo Domingo, West Indies. Specimens examined: Fuertes 1320, alt. 1,300 meters, near Rin- con, Prov. Barahona, October, 1911 (N.Y.); idem 1324 (type, Berl.: cotypes, Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V.). A species meriting further study. Plants collected by Raun- kiaer 1 appear to be B. pilosa and yet have capitula not essentially different from those of the Fuertes plants of B. domingensis. (Cf. etiam Fendleri 695 pro parte sub B. pilosa var. radiata.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXI Bidens domingensis: a, b, lower and upper parts of flowering and fruiting plant, X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.52; d, interior 1 C. Raunkiaer, La Cumbre, Haiti, April 8, 1906 (Cop.); idem 1005, Puerto Plata, Haiti, April 5, 1906 (Cop.). 468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI involucral bract, X3.52; e, ray floret, X2.ll; /, palea, X3.52; g, disc floret, X4.22; h (outer), i (inner), achenes, X2.ll; a-d, f-J, from type; e, from Fuertes 1320, in Hb. N. Y. 135. Bidens Malmei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 364. 1930. PI. CXII. Herba annua, erecta, caule acriter tetragona, supra ramosa, 0.4-1 m. alta. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-10 cm. longa, minutissime sparsimque pubescentia, ciliata, membranacea, primaria mediana subbipinnata, foliolis lateralibus 2-3 jugis, basalibus rursus 2-3-partitis, aliis indi- visis, omnibus circumambitu ovatis circ. 2.5-3.5 cm. longis, crenato- dentatis, dentibus (saepe duplicibus) unico latere circ. 6-12 ; superiora minora, bipinnata vel etiam tripinnatisecta, segmentis plus minusve ovato-oblongis. Capitula laxe corymboideo-paniculata, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 5-17 cm. longis, subradiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alta et aequaliter lata. Involucri basaliter hispidi bracteae exteriores 6-8, lineares, hispidae, apice subacutae, sub apice rarissime subdilatatae, 3-4 mm. longae; interiores lineari- lanceolatae, 5-7 mm. longae. Flores ligulati albidi rudimentarii, ligula ipsa tantum circ. 1-1.5 mm. longi plus minusve obcordati atque apice paucidentati. Achaenia linearia, nigra, tetragona, facie unaquaque 2-sulcata, glabra vel paulo erecto-setosa, corpore 7-11 mm. longa et 0.5-0.7 mm. lata, apice exteriora 2-3- alia 4-aris- tata, aristis stramineis retrorsum hamosis 2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Gustaf 0. A. Malme, No. 1456, near Menino Denso, Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Bra- zil, March 3, 1902 (Stockh., 2 sheets). Distribution: State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Specimens examined: Malme 1456 (2 type sheets, Stockh.). Allied with Bidens bipinnata L., B. duranginensis Sherff, B. Gardneri Baker, and B. subalternans DC. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXII Bidens Malmei: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.92; c, interior involucral bract, X4.92; (/, (rudimentary) ray corolla, X4.92; e, palea, X4.92; /, disc floret, X4.92; g, achene, X3.69; all from 1st type sheet. 136. Bidens Cynapiifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PL 4: 185 (235). 1820. PI. CXIII. Bidens Cynapifolia H.B.K. ex Heynhold, Nomencl. 121. 1840 (sphalm). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXXXIX BIDENS ASPERATA (Hutch. & Dalz.) SheriT OF UNIVERSITY THE GENUS BIDENS 469 Bidens bipinnata var. Cynapiifolia (H.B.K.) Gomez, Ann. Hist. Nat. Madrid 19: 275. 1890. Caulis a basi ramosissimus, ramis perspicue tenuibus, foliis ple- rumque pinnatis inferioribus circ. 3.5 cm. longis, foliolo terminali circ. 1 cm. longo saepe integro var. 7. tennis. Habitus diversa, foliis plerumque bipinnatis inferioribus majoribus. Achaenia plerumque paulo recurvato-falcata, nonnulla (2-4 mar- ginalia) dense hirta B. Cynapiifolia sensu stricto. Achaenia recta vel subrecta, omnia glaberrima. var. /3. portoricensis. Herba annua, erecta; caule ramoso, tetragono, glabro vel nodis piloso, 0.3-1.2 (rarius -2) m. alto. Folia petiolata petiolis 1.5-6 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-15 cm. longa, bipinnata; foliolis valde membranaceis, ciliatis, utrinque ad nervos sparsim adpresseque pilosis, his vel suis lobis deltoideo-ovatis vel lanceolatis, serratis. Capitula obscurissime radiata, ad anthesin minuta (5-7 mm. lata et 4-6 mm. alta), floribus 25, pedunculis tenuibus 2-9 (-15) cm. longis. Involucri basis glanduloso-hispida; bracteis exterioribus circ. 7, linearibus, acutis, fere glabris, 4-6 (-7) mm. longis, quam interioribus paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati 4 vel 5, ligula oblongo- elliptici, pallide flavi vel albidi, apice integri vel irregulariter denti- culato-incisi, 5-7.5 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, oli- vaceo-brunnea, plerumque paulum recurvato-falcata, 4- (rariter 5- vel 6-) aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et 1-3.5 mm. longis, corpore 7-14 (-17) mm. longa, marginalia 2-4 brevia pilis brevibus erecto-patulis dense hirta, reliqua glabrata. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland on the Island of Cuba, 1 in April, 1799-1804 (Par.). Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the West Indies; in State of Yucatan, Mexico, and throughout northern South America to central Peru and the states of Matto Grosso and Ceara, Brazil; has been collected (T. Thomson) also in northwestern Himalaya, British East India, where doubtless adventive; recently established in the Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: 2 Ed. Andre 151, La Guayra, Venezuela, November 25, 1875 (Field; N.Y.); anon., St. Croix (Cop.); Charles 1 The type sheet gives Havana for the locality, but Bonpland's private dupli- cate sheet gives "Guanayacoa" (Guanabacoa; across the small bay from Havana) and so does Kunth's original description. 2 Many of these specimens were listed in the manuscript before it was decided to maintain any varieties of B. Cynapiifolia, hence possibly a very few are included which belong to var. portoricensis or var. tennis. 470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Belanger 179, St. Pierre, Martinique, March, 1853 (Del.); idem 522, eodem loco, 1860 (Par.); P. E. Benzon, St. Croix (Cop.); idem, West Indies, 1820 (Cop.); Blauner 86, Aguas Claras, Puerto Rico, 1853 (Del.); L. J. K. Brace 385, Bahamas, April-June, 1879 (N.Y.); N. L. Britton 1612, waste places, Bluefields and vicinity, Jamaica, September 22, 1907 (N.Y.); idem 2972, roadside, Constant Spring, vicinity of Kingston, Jamaica, August 29, 1908 (N.Y.); idem& uxor & J. A. Shafer 116, Playa, vicinity of Matanzas, Cuba, March 12, 1903 (Cam.; N.Y.); N. L. Britton & J. F. Cowell 29, roadside, St. Croix, September 5, 1901 (N.Y.) ; iidem & Stewardson Brown 4996, waste grounds, Cayo Muertos, Puerto Rico, March 9-12, 1915 (N.Y.); N. L. Britton & John Shafer 752, banks, Isl. Tortola, Febru- ary 13-17, 1913 (N.Y.); iidem 3117, rocky hill, Mt. Pleasant, Cura- cao, March 20-27, 1913 (N.Y.) ; N. L. Britton & W. M. Wheeler 129, waste places, Isl. Culebra, Puerto Rico, March 3-12, 1906 (N.Y.); N. L. Britton & Percy Wilson 469, hills south of Matanzas, Cuba, September 10, 1903 (N.Y.); W. E. Broadway, open places in the lowlands, St. George's, Grenada, November-December, 1904 (Gray; N.Y.) and March, 1905 /Del.); E. M. Bryant 69, windward coast, Dominica, 1905 (Kew); Rob. Combs 152, not uncommon in fertile, shaded places, Cieneguita, Distr. Cienfuegos, Prov. Santa Clara, Cuba, June 17, 1895 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); J. S. De La Cruz 1839, Mora Landing, Moruka River, Pomeroon Distr., British Guiana, August 21-23, 1922 (Gray; N.Y.); idem 3809, Waini River, Northwest Distr., British Guiana, April 3-18, 1923 (Phila.); ex Herb. Estacidn Central Agrondmica (Cuba) 1349, Laguna de Caste- llano, vicinity of Santiago de las Vegas, Prov. La Habana, Cuba (Field); A. H. Curtiss, in tobacco bed, Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, January, 1904 (N.Y.); 0. Debeaux, Fort de France, Martinique, March 29, 1897 (Par.); Otto Degener 3777, between Waiohinu and Kaalualu, Isl. Hawaii, September 9, 1929 (Field; U.S.); idem 3778, eodem loco, September 10, 1929 (Field) ; idem 3780, arid cliff, South Point above Pukawaakauhi, Isl. Hawaii, September 17, 1929 (Field) ; idem 3781, arid pasture, Keei, Isl. Hawaii, September 21, 1929 (Field) : idem & Herbert Kai 3779, dry, open forest, near Kaalualu, Isl. Hawaii, September 13, 1929 (Field) ; Pere Duss 19, in fields, Antigua, Decem- ber, 1902 (N.Y.) ; idem 468, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1893 (Par.) ; idem 1444, abundant at St. Pierre and Robert, Martinique, 1882 (N.Y.) ; idem 2504, road from Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1892 (Field); Heinrich Franz Alexander Eggers, Isl. St. Croix, in 1874 (Cop.); idem, in ruderal places, St. Thomas, February 8, 1877 (Gray) and Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXL BIDENS URCEOLATA DeWild. (figs, a-g) BIDENS RUBRA DeWild. (figs, h-o) OF THt 8F HUMS THE GENUS BIDENS 471 July, 1881 (N.Y.); idem 45, eodem loco, December, 1886 (Cop.); idem 204, eodem loco, September, 1880 (Gray) ; idem 208, alt. 330 meters, Signal Hill, eodem loco, December, 1880 (Mus. V.; U.V.); idem 454, St. Thomas (Par.); idem 4601, Guantanamo, Cuba, February, 1889 (Kew); idem 5499, Gomez Bay, Tobago, October, 1889 (N.Y.); Carl Ehrenberg 7, St. Thomas (Berl., 2 sheets); W. R. Elliott 117, Grenada, 1888 (Field) ; A. Fendler 460, Trinidad, 1877-1880 (Brit.) ; Emanuel Friedrichsthal 38 and 110, Santo Tomas, Guatemala, 1841 (Mus. V.) and 313 (Mus. V., 2 sheets) ; Fuertes 322, near Barahona, Santo Domingo (Del., 3 sheets; N.Y.; Par.); Gabriel, French Guiana, 1802 (Del.); George Gardner 1742, Ceara, 1839 (Kew); G. F. Gaumer 940, Yucatan, Mexico (N.Y.; U.S.); idem 2498, Izamal, Yucatan (Kew); Gillberg 167, Cartagena, Colombia, 1826 (Berl.); G. P. Goll 742, Jagney, Coamo, Puerto Rico, November 23, 1899 (U.S.); Ludwig Hahn 383, between St. Pierre and Le Fond St. Denis, Martinique, December, 1867 (Kew); A. A. Heller 6196, Adjuntas Road, 8 miles from Ponce, Puerto Rico, December 4, 1902 (Del.; Gray; Mo.; Phila.); J. Hennecart, Isl. Santo Domingo, March 11, 1827 (Par.); A. S. Hitchcock, Nassau, New Providence, November, 1890 (Mo.); idem, Constant Springs, Jamaica, December 10, 1890 (Mo.); idem, Grand Cayman, January 17, 1891 (Mo.); I. Hubo 30, Para, Brazil, August, 1895 (Boiss.); Humboldt & Bonpland, Guana- bacoa, Cuba (type and cotype, Par.); P. E. Isert, St. Croix, 1787 (Cop.) ; V. Jacquemont, wet places, Marquisant, near Port au Prince, Haiti, March 11, 1827 (Kew); Jenman 4643, Bartica Grove, British Guiana, November, 1888 (Brit.); idem 5383, coast lands, British Guiana, June, 1889 (N.Y.; U.S.); J. R. Johnston 709, Mameyes, Puerto Rico, December 5, 1912 (N.Y.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 14807, alt. 100 meters, clearing, Puerto Wilches and vicinity, Dept. Santander, Colombia, November 28-December 2, 1926 (U.S.); Krebs, St. Thomas, October, 1846 (Cop.); Otto Kuntze, Trinidad, April, 1874 (Field, sub nom. B. pilosa L. subdiscoidea f . decomposita) ; idem 533, Guama, Puerto Rico, March, 1874 (N.Y.); McLadyer, Jamaica (Kew); L. A. Lee, Port Castries, St. Lucia, December 1, 1887 (U.S.); Leon 1399, Prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba, August 12, 1909 (N.Y.) ; E. C. Leonard 3455, Port au Prince, Haiti, April 1-2, 1920 (Phila.); Leprieur, French Guiana (Del.); idem, eodem loco, 1835 (Del.; Par.);Meyen, Lima, Peru, May, 1831 (Berl.); G. 0. A. Malme 3166, Cujaba, Matto Grosso, April 29, 1903 (Stockh.); idem 3166a, eodem loco, May 3, 1903 (Stockh.); C. F. Millspaugh 501, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, January 17-18 (Field) ; S. L. Moore 581, Santa 472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Cruz, Matto Grosso, 1 November, 1891 (Brit.); Otto 428, Colombia (Kew); A. C. Persaud 112, sandy and cultivated places, Georgetown, British Guiana, February, 1923 (Field) ; H. Pittier 4839, in savannas near sea level, Aguadulce, Prov. Code', Panama, December 3-6, 1911 (U.S.); Poiteau, Isl. Santo Domingo, 1802 (Del.); C. Raunkiaer 1004, Puerto Plata, Isl. Santo Domingo, April 5, 1906 (Cop.) ; L. C. Richard, French Guiana (Par., sub nom. Bidente multipartita) ; A. E. Ricksecker 13, Christiansted (Bassin), St. Croix, October 23, 1895 (Mo. ; N.Y.) ; Mrs. J. J. Ricksecker 129, eodem loco, February 16, 1897 (Mo.; U.S.); J. von Rohr, St. Croix (Brit.); H. H. Rusby & F. W. Pennell 147, alt. 350-400 meters, dry, open loam, Girardot, Dept. Cundinamarca, Colombia, July 19, 1917 (N.Y.); Ramon DeLa Sagra, about Havana, Cuba, 1825 (Del.); Carlos Schunke 1425, alt. 1,000 meters, Chanchamayo Valley, Dept. Junin, Peru, April, 1929 (Field); J. A. Shafer, Prov. La Habana, Cuba, April 2, 1903 (Carn.) ; idem 2439, waste places, Isabel Segunda, Isl. Vieques, Puerto Rico, January 24-27, 1914 (N.Y.); idem 4334, Lower Valley of Rio Miel, Oriente, Cuba, March 17, 1910 (Field) ; idem 12071, roadside, Spiritus, Prov. Santa Clara, Cuba, February 15-24, 1912 (N.Y.); P. Sintenis 27, mountain slopes, Mesa, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, October 20, 1884 (Kew; Mo.; Mun.); idem 1978, on slopes, Coamo, Aibonito, etc., Puerto Rico, November 4, 1885 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 4226, among coffee bushes, Mt. Galsa, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, April 28, 1886 (Del.); idem 4651, on slopes at Yunco, Adjuntas, June 24, 1886 (Mo.; Par.; U.V.); idem 5072, at La Tandura, Tabu- coa, Puerto Rico, September 18, 1886 (Brit.; Del.; Carn.; U.S.); H. H. Smith 600, common in clearings and dry woods, alt. 75 meters, Santa Marta, Colombia, November, 1898-1901 (Berl. ; Brit. ; Carn. ; Del.; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Phila.); idem 601, boggy, open land, south of Mamatoca, Santa Marta, Colombia (N.Y.); idem & G. W. Smith 305, alt. up to 300 meters, St. Vincent, West Indies (Kew); R. Spruce 651, Santarem, State of Para, Brazil, April, 1850 (Mun.) and 829 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, 2 sheets; Petrop.; Webb); F. L. Stevens 6359, Isl. Mona, December 20-21, 1913 (N.Y.); Norman Taylor 23, Santiago, Cuba, August 27, 1906 (N.Y.); T. Thomson, alt. 1,500-2,100 meters, northwestern Himalaya, India (Mus. V.); J. W. H. Traitt 492, Manaos, Amazonas, Brazil, June 12, 1874 (Kew) ; Triana 1371, alt. 600 meters, Rio Apulo, Prov. Bogota, Colombia (Par.) ; H. Von Tilrckheim 3646, alt. 300 meters, among bushes, near Maniel de Ocoa, Isl. Santo Domingo, October, 1910 (Del. ; Kew; Mun. ; 1 Name of state supplied from Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. ser. 2. 4, pt. 3: 270. 1895. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXLI BIDENS TAITENSIS Shertf 1Mb. THE GENUS BIDENS 473 N.Y.); Weigelt, Surinam (De\.) ; Llewelyn Williams 1249, Santa Ana on the Upper Rio Nanay, Dept. Loreto, Peru, July 7, 1929 (Field) ; idem 2601, La Victoria on the Amazon River, Dept. Loreto, August 20, 1929 (Field); Wilson 255, Jamaica, 1857 (Kew); Charles Wright 315, eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Gray; Kew); Wullschldgel 300, along roads and among bushes, Paramaribo, Surinam (Mus. V.); H. Wydler 101, St. Thomas, 1827 (Del., 2 sheets). Bidens Cynapiifolia var. /3. portoricensis (Spreng. ex DC.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 131. 1911. Bidens portoricensis Spreng. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 601. 1836. Capitula floribus radialibus deficientibus discoidea, raro radiata. Omnia achaenia glaberrima, quadriaristata; corpore saepius nigro ac recto vel subrecto, aristis saepius stramineis. Type specimen; Collected by Charles Joseph Bertero in Puerto Rico and sent to DeCandolle (Del.). Distribution: With the species but much rarer. Specimens examined: 1 Bertero, Puerto Rico (type, Del.); B. E. Dahlgren & E. Sella 479, Belem, State of Para, Brazil, March-May, 1929 (Field) ; iidem 726, eodem loco et tempore (Field) ; G. 0. A. Malme 31666, subruderal place, Santa Anna do Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, May 26, 1903 (Stockh.); Passarge 23, Rosalia, eastern Venezuela, 1901 (Berl.); P. Sagot 351, lies du Salut, French Guiana, 1854 (Boiss.; Del.; Mus. V., 2 sheets; Par., 2 sheets); idem (similiter) 351, Karouany, French Guiana, 1858 (Brit.; Kew; nom. vulg., Persil diable) ; R. Schomburgk 455 p.p., Berbice, British Guiana, 1837 (Berl.; Brit.); P. Sintenis 3787, in forests at La Plata, Guanica, Puerto Rico, February 17, 1886 (Berl.); Norman Taylor 388, edge of road, La Romana, Prov. of Seibo, Santo Domingo, December 1-3, 1909 (N.Y.); E. Ule 5155, edge of forest, Bom Fim, Amazonas, Brazil, November, 1900 (Berl.). Bidens Cynapiifolia var 7. tenuis 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 131. 1911. Caulis a basi ramosissimus; ramis tenuibus. Folia minora, infe- riora petiolis circ. 1 cm. longis exclusis circ. 2.5 cm. longa (foliolo terminal! circ. 1 cm. longo, saepe integro, jugis inferioribus brevis- sime petiolulatis, foliolis parce crenatis); folia superiora (petiolo 1 See footnote under "Specimens examined" for the species proper. The few examples listed have been selected partly with the aid of memoranda as to O. E. Schulz's determinations in the Berlin Herbarium. 474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI adjecto) 1.5-2 cm. longa, simpliciter pinnata, petiolo circ. 0.5 cm. longo. Capitula eis plantae typicae aequalia. Type specimen: Collected by Fr. Xavier, on hills near Jacmel, Haiti, December (Berl.). Distribution: Haiti and Puerto Rico and perhaps elsewhere in the range of the species proper. Specimens examined: P. Sintenis 27C, bank of river, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, April 21, 1885 (Boiss.); idem 3591, among bushes at Montalba, Guanica, Puerto Rico, February 2, 1886 (Berl.; Field; Mus.V.). Apparently a mere state of the species itself. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXIII Bidens Cynapiifolia: a, portion of fruiting specimen, X0.85; b (upper), c (lower), leaves, X0.85; d, exterior involucral bract, X6.82; e, interior involucral bract, X6.82; /, palea, X6.82; g, disc floret, X6.82; h (outer), i (inner), achenes, X3.41; a, b, mainly from type; c-4, from Duss 1444, in Hb. N.Y. 137. Bidens riparia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 185 (236). 1820. PI. CXIV, figs. i-p. Bidens Ambrosioides Willd. ex 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 132. 1911. Folia tripartita var. /3. refracta. Folia bipinnata B. riparia sensu stricto. Herba annua, erecta, 3-5 dm. alta; caule tetragono, glabro, ramoso. Folia petiolatapetiolistenuibus 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.4-1.2 cm. longa, membranacea, supra pilosiuscula, subtus glabra, margine scabro-ciliata, bipinnata, segmentis ovatis vel lanceolatis, plus minusve inciso-lobatis et -dentatis, terminali apicaliter acumi- nato-angustato. Capitula pauca, inconspicue radiata, terminalia, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 0.2-1.5 dm. longis, ad anthesin (bracteis exterioribus non inclusis) 5-8 mm. lata et 4-6 mm. alta. Involucrum basi piloso-hispidum ; bracteis exterioribus 7-13, anguste linearibus, patentibus reflexisve, glabris vel interdum remotissime hispido-ciliatis, apice acutis, 6-10 mm. longis; interioribus lineari- lanceolatis, 4-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati deficientes vel 4 vel 5, minuti (3-5 mm. longi), flavido-albi, ligula elliptico-ovati vel oblongo- elliptici, apice integri vel denticulati. Achaenia tetragona, linearia, recurvata, brunnea vel olivaceo-brunnea, 3- vel 4- (vel etiam 5-) aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, una duabusve erectis, reliquis Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXLII E E SHERFF DEL BIDENS FISCHERI (O. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, a-h) BIDENS SCHIMPERI Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (figs, i-q) OF THE GENUS BIDENS 475 reflexis, 2-3.5 mm. longis; interiora demum glabra vel apicem versus hispida, supra saepeplus minusve attenuata, corpore 1-1.5 cm. longa; nonnulla exteriora 1 dense pilosiusculo-hispida, breviora, crassiora. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland, in very warm places on the bank of the Magdalena River near Badillas, Colombia, May, 1801 (Par.). Distribution: Southern Mexico southward through Guatemala and Costa Rica to northern Peru and central Brazil. Specimens examined: N. J. Andersson 66, Puna, Prov. Jujuy, Argentina, 1852 (Stockh., 2 sheets); Bernoulli & Cario 1384, Gra- nados, Guatemala, November, 1877 (Berl.; Kew); Burchell 8805, State of Para, Brazil (Gray; Kew; Par.; Petrop.; Webb); D. da Rocha 3, Bahia, Brazil (Field) ; 0. de Carvalho 5, Vianna, Maranhao, Brazil, July 23, 1919 (Field); George Gardner 3851, Goyaz, Brazil (Mus. V. ; Par. ; Webb) ; G. F. Gaumer 2498, Izamal, Yucatan, Mexico (Berl., 2 sheets); Humboldt & Bonpland, bank of Magdalena River near Badillas, Colombia, May, 1801 (type and cotype, Par.); E. Langlasse 414, alt. 50 meters, La Puerta, southern Mexico, October 4, 1898 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; U.S.); Alb. Ldfgren 495, Ceara, Brazil (Stockh.); Martius, in cultivated and rubbish-covered places along Itapicuru River near Caxias, Maranhao, Brazil, May (Mun., 2 sheets); Ridley, Lea, & Ramage, suburbs of Pernambuco, Brazil, July 13, 1887 (Brit.); A. de Saint Hilaire 1199, Goyaz, Brazil, 1816- 1821 (Par.); A. Tonduz 13618, roadsides at Nicoya, Costa Rica, December, 1899 (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew; U.S.); A. Weberbauer 5975, alt. 200-300 meters, western slopes of Andes, Terran (east-southeast from Piura), Peru, March 27, 1912 (Berl.); Llewelyn Williams 7917, alt. 120 meters, Iquitos, Dept. Loreto, Peru, March-April, 1930 (Field). Humboldt sent some of the type material of Bidens riparia to Willdenow, who labeled it B. Ambrosioides. From the Willdenow Herbarium (Berl.) Schultz Bipontinus obtained a leaf and some achenes, which are preserved in a packet in his private herbarium (Par.) and are likewise labeled B. Ambrosioides ("Willd. herb. no. 15031 fol. 1 ... "). Kunth's name B. riparia takes precedence over Willdenow's, having received earlier publication. Bidens riparia var. /3. refracta (Brandeg.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 132. 1911. PI. CXIV, figs. a-h. Bidens refracta Brandeg. Zoe 1: 310. 1890. 1 Kunthii descriptio "interiora" dixit per errorem. 476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Usque ad 9 dm. alta. Folia tripartita; foliolis ovatis vel ovato- lanceolatis, serratis, terminal! acuminate majoreque. Achaenia extima perpauca dense pilosiusculo-hispida crassioraque, 0.8-1.2 cm. longa. Achaeniorum interiorum longiorum aristae 1.5-5 mm. longae. Type specimen: Collected by Townsend S. Brandegee, No. 319, in the shade of trees and bushes, near Miraflores, Lower (Baja) California, October 13, 1890 (Calif.). Distribution: Lower California and State of Sinaloa, Mexico, southward through Central America to Galapagos Islands, Peru, Colombia, and British Guiana to east central Brazil (State of Bahia). Specimens examined : George Barclay 2643, loam soil, arid banks, Gulf of Fonseca, Central America, November, 1830 (Brit.); idem, Huamantanga, Peru (Gray); Brandegee 319 (type, Gray: cotype, Phila.); idem, eodem loco, September 27, 1899 (Gray); idem, common at Cofradia (vicinity of Culiacan), Sinaloa, October 20, 1904 (Calif.); Padre Cornelio 24, Venezuela (N.Y.) ; C. C. Deam 242, alt. 186 meters, Zacapa, Guatemala, January, 1905 (Gray); Placide Duchassaing, Panama, 1851 (Par., 2 sheets); George Gardner 878, Bahia, Brazil, 1837-1839 (Brit. ; Del., 2 sheets; Kew; Mus.V.) ; G. F. Gaumer^bl p.p., Yucatan, Mexico, 1895 (Berl.; Boiss.; U.S.); idem 2499, Izamal, Yucatan (Field); idem 2504, eodem loco (Field); Oscar Haught F139, on the Tablazo, northeast of Talara, Dept. Piura, Peru, March 29, 1929 (Field); William Heuston, 1 1730 (Brit.); Heyde & Lux 4208 pro parte, alt. 1,200 meters, Santa Rosa, Dept. Santa Rosa, Guatemala, November, 1892 (Field) ; Jenman 5499, British Guiana, October, 1889 (U.S.; forma foliolis inferioribus 3-4-partita) ; E. Langlasse 523, alt. 250 meters, Chaveta, southern Mexico, October 26, 1898 (Berl.; Gray; Kew); C. L. Lundell 899, common weed 1 meter tall, Tuxpena, Campeche, Mexico, November 4, 1931 (Stanf .) ; Ynes Mexia 189, alt. 240 meters, deciduous woods, foot- hills, La Noria, Sinaloa, Mexico, October 8, 1925 (Mo.); Edward Palmer 205, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, October, 1894-March, 1895 (Gray); idem 923, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, December, 1890 (Berl.; Brit.; Gray); idem 1631, Lodiego, Mexico, October 9-25, 1891 (Field) ; G. H. Pring 10, alt. 180 meters, bank of Magda- lena River, Dept. Antioquia, Colombia, April 25, 1923 (Mo.); A. E. Salazar 387, Rancho del Agua Fria, San Ignacio, Sinaloa, Mexico, June 11, 1918 (U.S.; nom. vulg., tomatillo); W. Schaffner, near 1 Labeled "Heustin [sic], Jamaica, 1730." Neither the variety nor the species proper is known to occur in Jamaica. Concerning the inaccuracy of Heuston labels reading thus, see Millspaugh and Sherff, Rev. N. Amer. Sp. Xanthium. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 21. 1919. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate CXLIII BIDENS SCHIMPERI Schz. Bip. ex Walp. THE GENUS BIDENS 477 Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, October (Gray; Mus. V.); H. Schenck 4095, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, June-September, 1887 (Berl.); Berthold Seemann, Panama (Brit.); C. L. Smith, Isl. Ometepe, Nica- ragua, January, 1893 (Gray) ; R. E. Snodgrass & E. Heller 92, Iguana Cove, Albemarle Isl., Galapagos Isls., March 4, 1899 (Gray; Stanf.); iidem 316, alt. 600 meters, South Narborough Isl., Galapagos Isls., April, 1899 (Gray; Stanf.); iidem 338, eodem loco, abundant, March, 1899 (Gray) ; iidem 380, most abundant, growing in lava soil everywhere in shade of bushes and trees, James Bay, James Isl., Galapagos Isls., April, 1899 (Gray; Stanf.); iidem 420, Charles Isl., Galapagos Isls., May, 1899 (Stanf.); iidem 732, Hood Isl., Galapagos Isls., May, 1899 (Gray; Stanf.); Alban Stewart 743, alt. 60 meters, open places, abundant, Iguana Cove, Albemarle Isl., Galapagos Isls., 1905-1906 (Brit.; Mo.). Brandegee's original description, like several others of his Bidens descriptions, was carelessly drawn. The exterior involucral bracts are linear, not "linear-lanceolate." The terminal leaflet is larger, not "much smaller" than the lateral ones. The achenes are almost uniformly shorter than he says, very few being "20-25 mm." long. 0. E. Schulz (loc. cit.), in reducing this form to varietal rank under B. riparia, differentiated the two forms on the basis of fruit characters, but an examination of many specimens of each form shows that the only genuine difference is in the foliage. B. refracta Bran- deg. has tripartite leaves while B. riparia H.B.K. has bipinnate or tripinnatisect leaves. This difference Schulz seems to have over- looked. Indeed, he even refers to B. refracta, Tonduz 13618, a plant identical in foliage and other parts with the type and Bonpland co- type of B. riparia. 1 Several years ago, on having examined 22 collections of the refracta form and failed to find more than one approach in foliage to that of B. riparia, I concluded (Bot. Gaz. 64: 35. 1917) that "the probabilities are strong that B. refracta and B. riparia are entirely distinct species." Since then, I have seen several other foliage intergradations. Furthermore, we have the important consideration that in numerous species of Bidens the foliage is known positively to vary from tripartite (or even simple) to bipinnate or tripinnatisect. Thus all attempts to defend a specific segregation of the tripartite- 1 Schulz's confusion of the refracta with the riparia forms is shown further by certain of his determinations at Berlin. For example, he there referred not only Tonduz 13618, but also Bernoulli & Carlo 1384 and Gaumer 2498 to refracta. All these are riparia proper. 478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI leaved form would seem to be futile and the varietal rank proposed for B. refracta Brandeg. by 0. E. Schulz is here adopted. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXIV Bidens riparia, figs, i-p: i, j, small fruiting branches, X0.7; k, portion of leaf, enlarged to show ciliation, X6.3; I, exterior involucral bract, X3.5; m, interior involucral bract, X3.5; n, palea, X3.5; o (outer), p (inner), achenes, X3.5; i, l-p, from type;;, k, from Tonduz 13618, in Hb. U.S. Bidens riparia var. refracta, figs, a-h: a, fruiting specimen, X0.7; b, portion of leaf enlarged to show ciliation, X6.3; c, exterior involu- cral bract, X3.5; d, interior involucral bract, X3.5; e, palea, X3.5; /, disc floret, X3.5; g (outer), h (inner), achenes, X3.5; all from T. S. Brandegee, Miraflores, Lower California, September 27, 1899, in Hb. Gray. 138. Bidens Sambucifolia Cav. Icon, et Descr. 3: 15, pi 229. 1795. PI. CXV. Coreopsis Sambucifolia Cav. Descr. 225. 1802. Bidens alamosana Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 104, pi. 6. 1891. Herba grandis, perennis, glabra, 1.5-3.3 m. alta, ramosa; non- nullis caulibus ex una radice et basi fere 5 cm. crassis, manifeste angulatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 2-3 cm. (vel ultra) longis, petiolo adjecto 8-11 cm. (vel ultra) longa, membranacea, ciliata, pinnata, foliolis quandoque 3 sed saepius 5, lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, serratis, lateralibus basi inaequilaterali connatis decurrentibusque, terminali longiore. Capitula in ramis singulis corymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.5-3.5 cm. lata et 10-15 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis 0.4-1.5 dm. longis, graveolentia et odore Tageti similia. Involucrum glabratum vel minute pubescens, totum irregulariter in bracteas lineares vel lineari-lanceolatas 4-6 mm. longas exteriores plerumque 10-12 non semper ab interioribus valde distinctas divisum. Flores ligulati 9-12, ligula oblongo-obovati, apice saepe tridentati, satiate aurantiaci vel interdum fere sed non vere coccinei, 1.2-1.6 cm. longi; tubulosi elongati, tenues, sursum non urceolati, 4- vel 5-dentati. Achaenia linearia, valida, acute quadrangulata, plus minusve recurvata, fusco-nigra vel nigrescentia, glaberrima, corpore 12-18 mm. longa, 4- (rarissime 3- vel 5-) aristata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, 2-3.5 mm. longis, una saepe quam ceteris multo breviore. Type specimen: Obtained in flower during November in the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid, from material coming originally, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXLIV I h /op BIDENS SCH1MPERI Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (forms) C '.'?! OF Ti. ftp | UI|IO|S THE GENUS BIDENS 479 according to Cavanilles, from Peru and Mexico. The citation of Peru, however, is unquestionably erroneous. No specimens are known from Peru. Furthermore, the Pavon specimens cited (Boiss.), which from a comparison of other Pavon herbarium specimens (e.g., "Bidens odorata Cav.") are found to be doubtless some of Cavanilles' original material, are labeled "Nueva Espafia" and thus are seen to have come from Mexico. Distribution: States of Sinaloa and Sonora, northwestern Mexico. Specimens examined: T. S. Brandegee, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Sep- tember 12, 1904 (Calif.); idem, eodem loco, September 20, 1904 (Calif.; Gray); E. A. Goldman 247, Valley of Rio Fuerte, Sinaloa, October 14, 1898 (Gray); cult, in Hort. Bot. Neapolit. (Del.); J. G. Ortega 5213, alt. 20 meters, Piaxtla, San Ignacio, Sinaloa, Mexico, July, 1923 (Stanf.); idem 6599, Santa Maria, Syndicure of Baila, Municipality of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, December, 1926 (Stanf.); Edward Palmer, Culiacan, Sinaloa, October 25-November 18, 1891 (U.S.); idem 6, Alamos, Sonora, September 16-30, 1890 (Kew); idem 278, eodem loco, March 26-April 8, 1890 (type of Bidens alamosana Rose, U.S.: cotypes, Boiss.; Calif.; Gray; Kew); idem 1715, Imala, Sinaloa, September 25-October 8, 1891 (Gray); ex Herb. Pavon, Mexico (Boiss., 2 sheets; Del.); Rose, Standley, & Russell 12932, arroyo near Alamos, Sonora, March 16, 1910 (U.S.); iidem 14673, river bed, Guadalupe, Sinaloa, April 18, 1910 (U.S.); iidem 14907, Culiacan, Sinaloa, April 21, 1910 (U.S.); Wilhelm Schaffner 529, in marshy, shady places, near Culiacan, Sinaloa, October, 1866 (Gray; Par.); I. L. Wiggins 6429, along bank of Rio Cedros at village of Cedros, Sonora, Mexico, March 5, 1933 (Stanf.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXV Bidens Sambucifolia: a, flowering branch, xO.95; b, exterior in- volucral bract, X2.71; c, interior involucral bract, X2.71; d, ray corolla, X2.71; e, palea, X2.71; /, disc floret, X2.71; g, anthers, X 10.16; h, upper portion of pistil, X9.48; a, mainly from Cavanilles' type plate, but finished from, and figs, b-h drawn entirely from a sheet of apparently Cavanilles' original material in hb. Pavon, in Hb. Boiss. 139. Bidens Gardner! Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 3: 246. 1884. Plate CXVI. Herba gracilis, parce ramosa, 6-13 dm. alta, brevissime scabrido- hispida vel hie illic glabrata; caulibus ramisque obtuse vel acute tetragonis, supra elongatis, internodiis superioribus folia multo 480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI superantibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-8 cm. longa, membranacea, ciliata, inferiora plerumque simplicia vel tripartita foliolis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis crenato- serratis dentium apice subobtuse indurato-apiculato; superiora (vel raro omnia) bipinnatifida, segrnentis lanceolatis. Capitula pauca, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2.5-3 cm. lata et 8-10 mm. alta, longe tenuiterque pedunculata pedunculis 1-2.1 dm. longis. Invo- lucrum basi hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 10-12, linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, subacutis, saepe strigosis, 2-3.5 mm. longis; interi- oribus latius linearibus, 5-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-8, obscure aurantiaci vel saepius atro-purpurei rubrive (sicci plus minusve cinnamomei), ligula elliptico-oblongi, apice irregulariter dentati, 1.2- 1.6 cm. longi ; flores disci brunnei. Achaenia linearia, valde tetragona, nigrescentia, glabra vel quaedam strigosa, corpore 7-10 mm. longa, apice 4- (vel rarissime 3-) aristata, aristis inaequalibus, erectis, rigi- dis, retrorsum et saepe oculis pectinatim hamosis, 1.2-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by George Gardner, No. 4256, in rocky places at San Domingos, State of Goyaz, Brazil, May, 1840 (Kew, 2 sheets). Distribution: Paraguay and southern Brazil northward and northeastward through Brazil to the states of Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and Bahia. Specimens examined: B. Balansa 908, Ticada in the great forest of Caaguazu, Paraguay, March 3, 1876 (Kew) ; Burchell 6901 and 6902 (Kew); Karl Fiebrig 74, northern Paraguay, 1909 (Hassl.); idem 679, Cerros de Tobati, Paraguay, January 10, 1903 (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Del.; Field; Gray; Hassl.; Kew; Mun.); Gardner 3850, dry, hilly places, Conceigao, Goyaz, February (Kew); idem 4256 (type, Kew, 2 sheets: cotypes, Brit.; Webb); Guilhermo Gehrt, Ityrapina, Sao Paulo, Brazil, April 28, 1927 (Field) ; Emil Hassler 1877, in thickets near Piribebuy, Paraguay, February, 1885-1895 (Boiss.; Hassl.; Kew; Par.); idem 4253, San Estanislao, Paraguay, August 10, 1898-1899 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gen.; Hassl.; Kew; Mus. V. ; Par.) ; idem 7454, in ruderal spots near Conception, Paraguay, September, 1901-1902 (Brit.; Hassl., 2 sheets); idem 9177, in fields near Caaguazu, Paraguay, March, 1905 (Del.); F. C. Hoehne, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, May 21, 1927 (Field); A. Lofgren 590, June 5, 1888 (Cop.); G. 0. A. Malme 16825, ruderal and along road, Buriti near Santa Anna do Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, June 16, 1894 (Stockh., 2 sheets) ; idem 3374, edge of forest, Santa Anna do Chapada, May 17, 1903 (Stockh., 2 sheets); idem 3374a, in THE GENUS BIDENS 481 garden, subruderal, eodem loco, May 16, 1903 (Stockh.); Merkel, Brazil (Cop.); Herm. Meyer 2, Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, April 16, 1896 (Berl.); Pohl 1698 (distrib. No. 413), in front of Barra, Bahia, Brazil (Berl.; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V., 3 sheets); Riedel & Lund 883, 984, and 2221, in shady places, Araracacoara (Araraquara), Minas Geraes, May, 1834 (herb, ignot.); T. Rojas 10260, in fields at margins of forests near Estrella, Sierra de Amambay, Paraguay, March, 1908 (Brit.; Hassl.); A. St. Hilaire 1192, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par.); Eugene Warming, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, December 4, 1863 (Cop., 3 sheets; Par.); idem 639 pro parte, eodem loco (Cop.); A. Weddell 3302, Paraguay, April- May, 1845 (Par., 3 sheets, sub nom. Bidente rubra Schz. Bip.; see next paragraph below). A species with lower part of plant having aspect usually re- sembling that of Bidens pilosa L. The bipinnatifid upper leaves, however, as also the few long peduncles and the radiate flowering heads, distinguish it easily from that species. Occasionally the leaves, all or nearly all, are bipinnatifid, giving the plant a very different appearance. Baker described the ligulate florets as being orange-colored, but a number of dried flowering heads observed in herbaria appear to have the ligules more of a reddish brown or cinnamon color. Fiebrig, on the labels for his No. 679, describes the ligules as fire-red and the disc florets as brown. Hassler, on labels for his No. 4253, describes the ligules as dark purple or obscurely orange-colored. We may note, further, that long before Baker's pub- lication of Bidens Gardneri, Schultz Bipontinus had designated the Weddell plant (in herb.) as Bidens rubra, evidently for the very reason that its rays were red. The mature fruiting heads are noticeable for the conspicuous retrorse barbs of the achenes, these barbs suggesting strongly the teeth of a comb. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXVI Bidens Gardneri: a and d (lower), 6 and c (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting specimens, X0.59; e, lower surface of portion of leaf, enlarged to show pubescence, Xl.76; /, exterior involucral bract, X3.52; g, interior involucral bract, X3.52; h, ray corolla, X3.52; i, palea, X3.52; j, achene, Xl.76; a", from Pohl 413, in Hb. Kew; b, c, partly from Gardner 3850 and partly from 2 sheets of Pohl 413, all in Hb. Kew; d, from Fiebrig 679, in Hb. Field; e, j, from Pohl 413, in Hb. Kew;f-i, from Gardner 3850, in Hb. Kew. 482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 140. Bidens flagellaris Baker in Mart. Fl. Brasil. 6, pt. 3: 248. 1884. PI. CXVIL Herba perennis, erecta, glabra, simplex vel copiose ramosa, 0.9-2 m. alta, interdum glauco-viridis, caule primario subtereti. Folia petiolata petiolis marginatis usque ad 1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 5-9 cm. longa, mine pinnatim 3-partita segmentis subulatis gracillimis, elongatis, flexuosis, lateralibus terminal! 4.5-8 cm. longo subaequalibus, saepe tantum 0.4-0.6 mm. latis; nunc 2-3-pinnata, segmentis usque ad 2 cm. longis et 1.2 mm. latis, indurato-apiculatis; raro indivisa et foliolo mediano foliorum 3-par- titorum similia. Capitula discoidea tenuiter pedunculata pedun- culis 3-8 cm. longis, ad anthesin 6-7 mm. lata et 7-11 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-10, anguste lineares, subacutae, 3-4 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae dimidio breviores. Achaenia linearia, subtetragona, brunnea vel fere nigra, glabra, unica facie plerumque 2-sulcata, corpore 1-1.4 cm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, biaristata; aristis subcalvis vel irregulariter retrorsumque hamosis, saepe late divergentibus, circ. 1.5-2.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by George Gardner, No. 4255, in upland bushy fields between Pass and San Domingos, State of Goyaz, Brazil, May, 1840 (Kew). Distribution: States of Goyaz and Minas Geraes, Brazil. Specimens examined: Gardner 4255 (type, Kew); A. Glaziou 19525, near Diamantina, Minas Geraes, March 28, 1892 (Berl.; Kew; Par.); Martins, in fields along brooks, Minas Geraes, May (Mun.) ; Mosen 4217, on dry hills near the Rio Verde, Caldas, Minas Geraes, January 25, 1876 (Stockh.); A. F. Regnell, Caldas, Minas Geraes, January 25, 1876 (Par.); idem ser. Ill, 779, Minas Geraes, February 11, 1877 (Berl.; Stockh.); A. de Saint Hilaire 1191, eodem loco, 1816-1821 (Par.; forma plus foliosa, foliis 2-3-pinnata); idem 1193, eodem loco et tempore (Par.); idem 1194, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par. ; foliis inferioribus vel principalibus saepe bipinnatis vel etiam plus minusve tripinnatifidis). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXVII Bidens flagellaris: a (lower), 6 (upper), portions of fruiting and flowering specimen, X0.63; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.79; d, interior involucral bract, X3.79; e, palea, X3.79; /, disc floret, X2.52; g, achene, X3.79; all from type. 141. Bidens nudata Brandeg. Zoe 1:309. 1890. PI. CXVIII. Suffrutescens, glabra, 4-5 dm. alta; caulibus multis, supra inter- dum fere efoliatis, infra foliosis, basi ligneis. Folia petiolata petiolis Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXLV BIDENS KIRKII (Oliv. & Hiern) Sherff OF THt UNIVSB8ITY OF IUIUOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 483 ad basim membranaceo-connatis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-12 cm. longa, bipinnatim dissecta in segmenta longa filiformia 0.3-1 mm. lata Integra eciliataque, ultima 0.7-3 cm. longa. Capitula pauca, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4 cm. lata et 1.3 cm. alta, pedunculata; pedunculis tenuibus, nudis vel 1-4- bracteatis, 0.3-1.4 dm. longis. Involucrum glabratum; bracteis exterioribus 7-10, linearibus, acutis, 2.5-6 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, 5-8 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavi, ligula elliptico-obovati, 1-2.2 cm. longi, subintegri vel denticulati, 12-14 striis percursi, styliferi fertilesque. Achaenia atra, linearia (unicum aequaliter latum fere totam longi tudinem), tetragona, omnino 8-sulcata, supra strigosa, marginibus costisque interdum subtuberculata, apice biaristata aristis tenuibus et retrorsum hamosis, 2-3 mm. longis; interiora tenuissima, corpore 6-12 mm. longa; exteriora latiora, corpore 5-7 mm. longa, aristis caducis. Type specimen: Collected by Townsend S. Brandegee, No. 318, Sierra de Francisquito, Lower California, Mexico, October 19, 1890 (Calif.). Distribution: Lower (Baja) California, Mexico. Specimens examined: Brandegee, San Bernardo Canyon, October 13, 1893 (Calif.; Gray); idem, Sierra de la Laguna, October 19, 1893 (Kew); idem 318 (type, Calif.: cotypes, Field; Phila.); Harvard University Bot. Gard., cult., December 4, 1894 (Gray). A species distinguished from most others in the genus by the styliferous and fertile ray florets, also by the achenes, which are parallel-sided throughout almost their entire length. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXVIII Bidens nudata: a (lower), 6 (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.67; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.67; d, interior involucral bract, X4.67; e, ray corolla, X2;/, palea, X4.67; g, disc floret, X4.67; h, anthers, X 17.33; i, upper portion of pistil, X20; j (outer), k (inner), achenes, X5.33; a, b, from T. S. Brandegee, Sierra de Laguna, Lower California, October 19, 1893, in Hb. Kew; c, d, f-k, from cotype in Hb. Field; e, from specimen cultivated in Harvard University Botanical Garden, December 4, 1894, in Hb. Gray. 142. Bidens brasiliensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 49. 1926. PL CXIX. Herba perennis, erecta, simplex vel supra ramosa, plus minusve tomentosa, 1 m. alta. Folia principalia sessilia, indivisa, rhom- boideo-elliptica, utrinque sensim angustata, membranacea, molliter 484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI denseque tomentosa, acriter numerosis dentibus serrata, 6-9 cm. longa et 2.5-4 cm. lata; folia ramorum linearia, minora. Capitula subnumerosa (40), discoidea, florescentia 8 mm. alta et 6 mm. lata, demum cum fructibus circ. 1.3 cm. longa et 1-2 cm. lata. Involucri glabrati bracteae exteriores 5-8, lineares, subacute indurato-apiculatae, 3-6 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae 7-10 mm. longae. Paleae achaeniorum corpora aequantes vel superantes. Achaenia atra, linearia, tetragona, omnino 8- (facie unaquaque 2-) sulcata, glabra vel supra sparsissime erecto-setosa, exalata, corpore 1-1.3 cm. longa et circ. 1 mm. crassa, ad apicem erecto-setosa et biaristata; aristis calvis vel saepius 1-3 hamis minutis retrorsum hamosis, usque ad 2.3 mm. longis, interdum deficientibus. Type specimen: Collected by Auguste de Saint Hilaire, No. 1196, State of Minas Geraes, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par.). Distribution: State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. Specimens examined: Saint Hilaire 1196 (type, Par.). In general habit B. brasiliensis resembles simple-leaved plants of B. Riedelii Baker and B. Chodati Hassler. It differs from the former in its more numerous heads, its lack of ray florets, its elongate, aristate achenes, etc. ; from the latter, in its wider and more rhombic leaves, more numerous heads, smaller involucres with much more nearly glabrous and less numerous bracts, etc. The type had been collected by Saint Hilaire in two portions representing separately the lower, leafy stem and the branched, fruiting top. Both of these are taken as the basis for the description. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXIX Bidens brasiliensis: a (lower), b (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting specimens, X0.6; c, d, small portions of stem and leaf enlarged to show pubescence, Xl.5; e, exterior involucral bract, X3.6;/, interior involucral bract, X3.6; g, palea, X3.6; h, disc floret, X3.6; i, achene, X 3. 6; all from type. 143. Bidens Riedelii Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 3: 246. 1884. PI. CXX, figs. a-k. Gymnopsis glaberrima Schz. Bip. ex Baker, loc. cit. Bidens Riedelii var. typica et f. intermedia Chod. & Hassl. Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2. 3: 726. 1903. Caulis glaber. Folia principalia simplicia B. Riedelii sensu stricto. Folia omnia pennisecta var. /3. Hassleriana. Caulis hispido-pilosus var. 7. hirsuta. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CXLVI BIDENS MUSOZIANA Sherff Or THt HNIViRUTY flf THE GENUS BIDENS 485 Perennis, glabra, parce ramosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caulibus gracilibus, caespitosis, firmis, teretibus, e radice lignosa. Folia inferiora 4-6 juga contigua, subsessilia vel breviter petiolata petiolis usque ad 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-5 vel etiam usque ad 10 cm. longa, simplicia, firmula, rarius ovata saepius ovato-lanceolata vel anguste oblongo-lanceolata, apice subacuta vel acuminata, margine argute serrata, non ciliata, basi cuneata. Capitula pauca, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 4 cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 5-11 cm. longis. Involucrum basi glabrum, bracteis triseriatim dispositis; extimis atque intermediis simul circ. 12-14, similibus, linearibus, subcarnosis, subobtusis, ciliatis, 4-6 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, 6-9 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-9, cin- namomeo-rubri, ligula cuneato-elliptici, apice obsolete denticulati, 1.5-2.8 cm. longi; flores tubulosi cylindrici et non infundibuliformes. Achaenia oblanceolata, subtetragona, brunnea, glabra, 8-9 mm. longa, setis abortivis. Type specimen: Collected byLudwig Riedel, No. 553, in dry fields at the Rio Pardo, Brazil, September, 1826 (Kew, ex Petrop.). Distribution: Paraguay and southern Brazil. Specimens examined: B. Balansa, in fields, Caaguazu, Paraguay, March 24, 1876 (Kew) ; E. Hassler 5580, on high plateau and slopes, Sierra de Maracayu, Paraguay, December (Boiss.; Kew; Par.); idem 5707, in region of the headwaters of the Rio Jejui-guazu, Para- guay, December, 1898 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Kew; Par.); idem 7910, in region of the headwaters of the Rio Apa, Paraguay, November, 1901 (Berl.; Gen.; Gray; Hassl.; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets); idem 7910a, eodem loco, December, 1901 (Hassl., 2 sheets; forma varietati Hasslerianae adpropinquans) ; idem 9348, in fields, near Caaguazu, Paraguay, March, 1905 (Hassl.); Riedel 553 (type, Kew: cotypes, Gray; Par., 2 sheets; Petrop., 2 sheets); T. Rojas 9888, on high plateau and slopes, Sierra de Amambay, etc., Paraguay, December, 1907 (Berl.; Brit.; Hassl., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; Par.). Bidens Riedelii var. /3. Hassleriana Chod. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2. 2: 395. 1902. PI. CXX, fig. I. A forma typica differt foliis omnibus pennisectis, sparsim his- pidis, lobis linearibus incisis. Type specimen: Collected by Emil Hassler, No. 5708, in a field near the upper course of the Rio Jejui-guazu, vicinity of Yerbales, Sierra de Maracayu, Paraguay, December, 1898 (Boiss.). Distribution : Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. 486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Specimens examined: Hassler 5708 (type, Boiss.: cotypes, Brit.; Hassl.; Kew; Mus. V.); idem 12079, Sierra de Amambay, Paraguay, January, 1913 (Berl.; Brit.; Hassl., 2 sheets; Kew; Par.); Nieder- lein 414, Cerro de Santa Ana, Misiones Terr., Argentina, March, 1884 (Berl.). Bidens Riedelii var. 7. hirsuta Hassl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 14:272. 1916. Caulis hispido-pilosus, folia supra et subtus scaberulo-pilosa. Type specimen: Collected by Emil Hassler, No. 12045, in fields of high plateau, "Serrados," Sierra de Amambay, Paraguay, June, 1912-1913 (Hassl., 2 sheets). Distribution: Paraguay and northeasternmost Argentina. Specimens examined: Hassler 12045 pro parte (2 type sheets, Hassl.: cotypes, Berl.; Del., 2 sheets, parce hirsuta; Kew; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets); P. Jorgensen, Bonpland, Government of Misiones, Argentina, December 18, 1909 (Field). A form looking very different from the species at first glance, because of the pronounced hairiness. The hairiness is not a very positive character, however, since the Delessert specimens are somewhat smoothish and the specimen at the British Museum of Natural History (omitted above) is distinctly glabrous. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXX Bidens Riedelii, figs, a-k: a (lower), b (median), c (upper), portions of flowering specimen, X0.66; d, ray floret, Xl.33; e, ray floret, X3.33; /, smaller plant than in a-c, X0.66; g, pair of larger cauline leaves, X0.66; h, exterior involucral bract, X3.33; i, interior involucral bract, X3.33;;, palea, X3.33; k, disc floret, X3.33; a-c, from Hassler 5707, in Hb. Kew; d, e, from Hassler 7910, in Hb. Gray; /, g, from type; h-k, from cotype, in Hb. Gray. Bidens Riedelii var. Hassleriana, fig. I: typical cauline leaf, X0.67; from Hassler 12079, in Hb. Brit. 144. Bidens Ghodati Hassl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 369. 1913. PI. CXXI. Bidens graveolens var. comosa Chod. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2. 2: 394. 1902. Herbacea forsitan interdum suffruticosa, erecta vel suberecta, 1-2 m. alta; caule simplici, apicem versus vix in ramos 2-3 erectos diviso, glabro, tereti, basim versus usque ad 6 mm. crasso; inter- nodiis inferioribus mediisque 4-7 cm. longis, superioribus usque ad 19 cm. longis. Folia sessilia, semi-amplexicaulia et basibus inter se Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CXLVII BIDENS MOSSII Sherff OF THt NNIVF.RSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 487 connata; nunc omnia lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, acuta, basi rotundata, subcoriacea, margine argute serrata dentibus apice acute mucronulatis ac saepe incurvescentibus, supra breviter his- pidula, infra pallidiora et dense tomentosulo-pubescentia, 7-10.5 cm. longa et 2.4-4.2 cm. lata; nunc superiora vel inferiora vel etiam omnia minora, profunde pinnatifida, segmentis oblongo- linearibus, acutis, mucronulatis, rhachi late alata. Capitula pauca, terminalia, pedunculata pedunculis nudis bracteatisve erectis et 1-9 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-3 cm. lata et 11-13 mm. alta. Involucrum setulis squarrosis valde hispidulum; bracteis exterioribus plemmque 8-12, linearibus, acute calloso-apiculatis, 8-14 mm. longis; interioribus paulo latioribus et parce brevioribus (vel juvenibus triple brevioribus). Flores ligulati circ. 10, lutei, ligula late lanceolati, striis circ. 10 purpureis parallels percursi, extus dense flavido-pubescentes, intus glabrescentes, apice subacuti flavido-puberulique, circ. 1.2 cm. longi et 3-3.5 mm. lati. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, glabra, griseo-nigra, corpore circ. 1-1.2 cm. longa et circ. 1.2 mm. lata, biaristata; aristis erecto-patentibus, retrorsum hamosis vel demum glabratis, 2.5-3.5 mm. longis. Type specimens: Collected by Emil Hassler, No. 3757, in rocky places, Cordillera de Altos, Paraguay, January, 1899 (Hassl., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Paraguay. Specimens examined: Karl Fiebrig 571, Cordillera de Altos, December 7, 1902 (Berl., 5 sheets, inferioribus vel omnibus foliis pinnatis; Brit.; Del.; Kew; Hassl.; Mun.); Hassler 3757 (type, Hassl., 2 sheets). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXI Bidens Chodati: a (lower), portion of plant, X0.62; b (upper), portion of flowering specimen, X0.62; c, compound leaf from another specimen, X0.62; d, small portion of leaf from a, enlarged to show pubescence, X2.48; e, exterior involucral bract, X2.48; /, interior involucral bract, X2.48; g, palea, X2.48; h, disc floret with immature achene, X2.48; i, achene, X2.48; a, d, from one sheet of Fiebrig 571, in Hb. Berl.; b, e-i, from 2nd sheet of same, ibid.; c, from 3rd sheet of same, ibid. 145. Bidens Pringlei Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 41: 263. 1905. PL XCV, figs. a-h. Herba perennis; caulibus adscendentibus, basi ligneis, viridibus vel subpurpurascentibus, manifeste tetragonis, infra glabratis vel 488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI glabris, supra cano-pubescentibus setis brevibus, 3-4.5 dm. longis. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-9 cm. longa, 1.5-5.5 cm. lata, 1-3-pinnatisecta, glabra; segmentis ultimis anguste linearibus, apice acutissimis, indurato-apiculatis, 0.5-5.5 cm. longis et 0.3-1.3 mm. latis. Capitula pauca, tenuiter pedunculata pedun- culis 0.5-1.5 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.5-3 cm. lata et 8-12 mm. alta. Totum involucrum plus minusve cano-hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 15, anguste linearibus, ciliatis, apice acriter indurato-mucronulatis, 4-5 mm. longis, interiores oblongo- lanceolatas subaequantibus. Flores ligulati 8-10, albidi vel rosacei, ligula anguste obovati, apice truncate grosse dentati, 1.3-1.6 cm. longi. Achaenia (submatura) linearia, subtetragona, supra attenu- ata, subnigra, marginibus et summis faciebus erecto-setosa, 2- vel 3-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 1-2 mm. longis, corpore exteriora 6-9 mm. et interiora 9-13 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 8844, * at altitude of 1,525 meters, in fields near Uruapan, State of Michoa- can, Mexico, October 8, 1904 (Gray). Distribution: Mexico, from southern part of State of Coahuila to State of Michoacan. Specimens examined: J. Gregg 438, mountains near Saltillo, Coahuila, September 3, 1848 (Gray; Kew; Mo.); Pringle 8844 (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss., 3 sheets; Brit.; Calif.; Carn.; Cop.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V., etc.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCV, FIGS, d-h Bidens Pringlei: a, b, flowering and fruiting branches, X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.5; d, interior involucral bract, X3.5; e, ray floret, X3.5;/, palea, X3.5; g, disc floret, X3.5; h, achene, X3.5; all from type. 146. Bidens angustissima H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 183 (233). 1820. PI. CXXII, figs. h-m. Bidens angustifolia H.B.K. op. cit. 7: 359 (456). 1825 (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88:286. 1929). Folia 3-5-partita B. angustissima sensu stricto. Folia indivisa var. /3. Linifolia. Herba erecta, glabra vel sparsim pubescens, perennis e radice lignea, erecte ramosa, graveolens, 3-7.5 dm. alta, ramis quadrangula- ribus. Folia petiolata petiolis ciliatis 0.6-1.5 cm. longis, 3-5-partita; 1 The original description gives the number erroneously as 8814. The type and various cotype sheets examined bear a printed label with number 8844. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CXLVIII BIDENS WHYTEI Sherff (figs, a-g) BIDENS AMBIGUA S. L. Moore (figs, h-m) THE GENUS BIDENS 489 foliolis angustissime linearibus, plerumque 0.3-0.6 mm. latis, apice acuto-mucronatis, integerrimis, plerumque glabris, subcarnosis, inaequalibus, lateralibus 1-4 cm. longis, terminali 4-6 cm. longo. Capitula terminalia, longe pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 15 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-2.5 cm. lata et 6-9 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, lineares vel spathulato-lineares, apice acute indurato-mucronulatae, glabriusculae vel interdum irregulariter ciliatae, ad anthesin 3-4.5 mm. longae et circ. 0.4-0.6 mm. latae; interiores lanceolatae, margine manifeste diaphanae, tergo dense et perspicue piloso-hispidae, ad anthesin 5-7 mm. longae. Flores ligulati circ. 8, aurantiaco-flavi, glabri, ligula late elliptico-oblanceolati, apice tridenticulati, 8-10 mm. longi. Achaenia immatura tenuissime linearia (lateribus paribus intervallis inter se distantibus), obcompresso-tetragona, glabra vel supra obscure setoso- hispida, straminea, biaristata aristis tenuibus, retrorsum hamosis, circ. 3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland in rather cold places at altitude of 2,340 meters, near the western boundary of the State of Guanajuato (near Los Joares and Santa Rosa de la Sierra), Mexico, in September, 1803-1804 (Par.). Distribution: Mexico, from State of San Luis Potosi southwest- ward across State of Guanajuato to northeasternmost Jalisco. Specimens examined : Thomas Coulter 375 pro parte, Mexico (Kew, cum var. L/inifolia lecta) ; Humboldt & Bonpland (type and cotype, Par.) ; C. C. Parry & Edward Palmer 486, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, central Mexico, 1878 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Phila., 2 sheets); J. G. Schaffner 203 pro parte, in marshes near Morales, San Luis Potosi, September, 1876 (Boiss., cum B. Schaffneri commixt. ; Brit. ; Gray; Mun.); Walther Schumann 110, Jaral Mts., October 10, 1886 (Berl.). Bidens angustissima var. /3. Linifolia (Schz. Bip. ex Klatt) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 49. 1926. PI. CXXII, figs. a-g. Coreopsis linearifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 570. 1836. Bidens Linifolia Schz. Bip. ex Klatt, Flora 68: 203. 1885. A specie differt foliis indivisis, saepius 1-2 mm. latis. Type specimen: Collected by Carl Ehrenberg, No. 356, near Mineral del Monte, District of Huajalote, State of Hidalgo, Mexico. 1 Distribution: Known only from the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. 1 Schultz Bipontinus' specimen is at Paris (Par.), while the specimen studied by Klatt is doubtless another, perhaps one of the Berlin plants (Berl.). 490 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Specimens examined: Ehrenberg 356 (type material: Berl., 2 sheets; Par.); idem 386, eodem loco (Berl.); C. G. Pringle 6924, alt. 2,850 meters, granitic ledges, Cerro Ventoso above Pachuca, August 18, 1898 (Berl.; Boiss.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.; Mus. V.; U.V., etc.). The type of Bidens angustissima is matched very well by Schultz Bipontinus' type of the var. Linifolia, except that the latter has only simple leaves, while the former has tripartite leaves. Klatt, in pub- lishing the description of his B. Linifolia, described the heads as dis- coid, but that rays were present on at least the Paris material is shown by Schultz Bipontinus' label, in his own handwriting, which reads, "achs. rad. calva. . . . ' Furthermore, Pringle collected many fine specimens of the simple-leaved form, and these all show orange-yellow rays, about 8 on each head. The only difference to be found between the two species is the questionable one of foliage (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 34. 1917). At Gray Herbarium there is a single sheet (Coulter 375, Mexico) with three slender but well developed specimens; the largest one, at the left, matching the type of B. angustissima, and the other two, at the right, matching the type of B. Linifolia. From these it is evident that the simple-leaved form does not merit higher than varietal rank. The type material of Coreopsis linearifolia DC. (leg. Keerl, Tla- pujahua, Mexico; Del.) I have not seen. I rely upon the determina- tion "Bidens angustissima H.B.K." communicated by Dr. S. F. Blake (in lit.), who made a study of the material in 1924, l also the fact that DeCandolle classified his species among those having undivided leaves. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXII Bidens angustissima, figs, h-m: h, flowering branch, X0.69; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.46;;, interior involucral bract, X3.46; k, ray corolla, X2.77; I, palea, X3.46; m, disc floret with immature achene, X3.46; all from Bonpland's private cotype, in Hb. Par. Bidens angustissima var. Linifolia, figs, a-g: a and b, a flowering specimen, X0.69; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.46; d, interior involucral bract, X3.46; e, ray corolla, X2.77;/, palea, X3.46; g, disc floret, X3.46; a, b, mainly from Schultz Bipontinus' specimen of Ehrenberg 356 (type collection), in Hb. Par.; rest from Pringle 6924, in Hb. Field. iCf. Bot. Gaz. 85: 16. 1928. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CXLIX BIDENS MICROCARPA Sherff (figs, a-h) BIDENS GRACILIOR (O. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, i-p) OF Ittt. UNIVERSITY Of IU.IIIOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 491 147. Bidens Anthemoides (DC.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56:493. 1913; ibid. 59: 306. 1915; ibid. 76: 153. 1923. PI. LXXXIV, figs. a^>. Coreopsis Anthemoides DC. Prodr. 5: 573. 1836. Bidens sarmentosa Greenman, Proc. Amer. Acad. 41: 264. 1905. Bidens alpina Brandegee, Zoe 5: 239. 1907-1908. Bidens Coreopsidioides Schz. Bip. ex. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913. Bidens Schaffneri Schz. Bip. ex Sherff, loc. cit. ; non Bidens Schaffneri (Gray) Sherff. Bidens Purpusorum Bitter & Petersen ex Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17:335. 1921. Herba annua (vel interdum perennis?), demissa, saepe ramosis- sima, 1-2.5 (rariter -5.7) dm. alta, glabra vel inconspicue hispida, caule ramisque saepe radicans, habitu fere Anthemidis arvensis L. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.4-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1-5 (-7.5) cm. longa, pinnata vel bipinnata (rarissime 3-5-partita foliolis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis) ; segmentis linearibus, acutis, indurato-apicu- latis, crasso-marginatis, non ciliatis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.4-2 (rariter -2.8) cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis terminalibus tenuibus 1-5 (-7.5) cm. longis. Involucri basis glabra vel hispida, bracteis subaequalibus; exterioribus 6-10, linearibus, glabris vel sparsim ciliatis et interdum hispidis, 2-5 mm. longis. Flores ligulati plemmque 5, flavi, ligula lanceolato-elliptici vel late obovati, apice integri vel denticulati vel etiam lobulato- dentati et plus minusve emarginati, 0.6-1.3 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, atra, apicem versus plerumque non attenuata, glabra vel parce strigosa, exalata, apice plerumque dilatata et exaristata vel interdum biaristata aristis suberectis vel patentibus nunc glabris et 0.1-1 mm. longis nunc (rarius) retrorsum hamosis et 1-3.5 mm. longis, corpore 4-7 (rariter -11) mm. longa et 0.7-1.2 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Jean Luis Berlandier, No. 1030, at Cordillera de Guchilaque (near Cuernavaca, State of Morelos), Mexico, October 21, 1827 (Del.). Distribution : From the State of Vera Cruz westward to the states of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico. Specimens examined : Barnes & Land 369, alt. 2,940 meters, lava fields, La Cima, Federal Distr., October 14, 1908 (Field; Kew); Berlandier 1030 (type, Del.: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Hll.; Oxf.; Par., 2 sheets; $tockh.};Bourgeau 836, deserts (tablelands) near City of Mexico, Federal Distr., September 8, 1865 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; Par., 3 sheets); /. W. Clokey 1860, rocky hill- 492 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI side, Real del Monte, Hidalgo, September 15, 1910 (Mo.); Coulter 378, Mexico (Gray; Kew) ; Ehrenberg 436, Mineral del Monte, Distr. Huajalote, Hidalgo (Berl., 2 sheets; Gray; Par.); H. M. Hall, from Mexican material cultivated on University of California Campus, Berkeley, California, August 28, 1911 (U.S.); Hort. Bot. Hauniensi, cultivated in 1921 (type material, Bidens Purpusorum Bitt. & Pet., Cop., 2 sheets) ; Mr. & Mrs. J. G. Lemmon, Ajusco Mountains, State of Mexico, 1905 (Calif. );Liebmann 647, Cerro Leon, July, 1841 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; Fred Mutter 525, at foot of Mt. Orizaba, August, 1853 (Mus. V.; Petrop.); idem 527, Orizaba, August, 1853 (N.Y.); ex Herb. Pavonii ex Mexico (Boiss., 2 sheets); C. G. Pringle 10130, volcanic sand, Ajusco Station, Federal Distr., December 5, 1905 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cop.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.); idem 11486, alt. 2,850 meters, Serrania de Ajusco, Ajusco Station, Federal Distr., November 9, 1903 (type of Bidens sarmentosa Greenm., Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Cop.; Kew); C. A. Purpus, fields, Esperanza, Vera Cruz, August, 1907 (Calif., forma usque ad 4 dm. alta) ; idem 1648, gravelly soil about timber line, Mt. Popocatapetl, November, 1905 (cotypes, Bidens alpina Brandeg.: Berl.; Brit.; Field; Mo.; U.V.); idem 3037, sandy soil, Mt. Popocatapetl, Sep- tember, 1908 (Berl.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Mo.; Par.; Calif.); idem 3634, Esperanza, Puebla, 1909 (Calif.); J. N. Rose & R. Hay 5812, Mt. Orizaba, July 26, 1901 (Gray); J.N. Rose&J.H. Painter 7881, Nevada.de Toluca, State of Mexico, October 15, 1903 (U.S.); Schaffner, mountainous places, Mexico, September, 1855 (Gray); idem 293, in mountains, Mexico, October, 1855 (Gray) ; H. Schenck 459, alt. about 3,800 meters, ridge between Mt. Popocatapetl and Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, September 10, 1908 (Berl.); Schiede, near Tepeya- hualco, Puebla, September, 1829 (Berl.); Schmitz, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Mus. V., 3 sheets); H. E. Seaton 272, alt. 2,700 meters, Mt. Orizaba, August 8, 1891 (Field; Gray); idem 497, alt. 2,400 meters, between Mt. Orizaba and Esperanza, Vera Cruz, August 15, 1891 (U.S.); J. G. Smith, Mexico, 1892 (Mo.); Tote, Mexico (Kew); Uhde 620 and 621, Mexico (Berl.). Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 15. 1883) carefully considered this species, but retained it in Coreopsis, the taxonomic distinctions between which and Bidens he admitted frequently in his writings to be highly artificial. It is interesting to note, however, that Schultz Bipontinus had given, previous to Gray's observations, the names Bidens Coreopsidioides (not B. Coreopsidis as in Gray, loc. cit.) and Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CL BIDENS PALUSTRIS Sherff (figs, a-g) BIDENS TAYLORI (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, h-o) Of THt UMWERSin GF THE GENUS BIDENS 493 Bidens Schaffneri to specimens of this species sent to the Gray Herbarium and to the Berlin Herbarium. The type (Berlandier 1030) is matched well by the type of Bidens sarmentosa Greenm. (Pringle 11486) and that of Bidens alpina Brandeg. (Purpus 1648 not 1684 as erroneously printed in Brandeg., loc. cit.). The general habit suggests strongly that of Anthemis (A. arvensis L.) , whence the specific name. I have seen two old speci- mens in the herbarium of Pavon (Boiss.) from Mexico, which were evidently cultivated forms belonging here. The larger one is more than 3.6 dm. high; the smaller one bears a fruiting head with achenes up to 8 mm. long and having naked, variously spreading or even somewhat reflexed aristae 1.5-2 mm. long. These are the Bidens bipinnatifida Herb. Pav. (nee aliorum). The varying treatments accorded this species have been dis- cussed in earlier papers (Sherff, op. cit., 1913, 1915, and 1923). Recently Bitter has published the new name Bidens Purpusorum Bitt. & Petersen for a plant the ripe achenes of which were collected in 1908 by C. A. Purpus in fields in the vicinity of Esperanza, Vera Cruz, Mexico, and sent to the Bremen Botanical Garden under the name of Bidens grandi flora Balb. In the herbarium of the University of California are two specimens collected by Purpus and bearing field data essentially similar to those given by Bitter. The first was collected at Esperanza in August, 1907, not "1908," and matches Bitter's description well. The second was collected at Esperanza in 1909, and distributed under the name of "Bidens pilosa Linn.? Form." It is Purpus 3634. This second plant differs in being more branched and in having merely 3-5-parted leaves, not 2-3-pinnatifid leaves. 1 Both forms have most of the achenial aristae retrorsely barbed, but in this and other respects are connected with typical Bidens Anthemoides by a large number of herbarium speci- mens examined. Similarly, the specimens cited above (vide sub Hort. Bot. Hauni- ensi), raised at the Botanical Garden of Copenhagen from the achenes of the type material of Bidens Purpusorum (Cop.), are found to be referable at once to Bidens Anthemoides. The type material for B. Anthemoides, B. sarmentosa, and B. alpina was in each case the more common, small, alpine form, 0.5-2 1 In a number of species of Bidens a strong degree of polymorphism is known to occur among the leaves; for example, B. aurea (Ait.) Sherff, B. triplinervia H.B.K., B. andicola H.B.K., B. Chrysanthemifolia (H.B.K.) Sherff, and B. squar- rosa H.B.K. The difference in the leaves, therefore, does not appear to be of much importance in this case. 494 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI dm. tall. Taller forms are sometimes found, the taller of the above- mentioned Pavon Herbarium specimens being an example. The plant collected by Henry E. Seaton, No. 272, was over 4 dm. tall. The plants cultivated in Bremen from achenes sent by Purpus grew about 5 dm. tall. An exceptional specimen by Schiede from Tepeya- hualco (Berl.) measures over 5.7 dm. in height. In 1917, Professor H. M. Hall of the University of California sent me from the botanical garden of that university several specimens of this species for deter- mination. He wrote: "It has been in our botanical garden for a long time without name .... It is rather attractive and is being used to some extent as a bedding plant." The largest specimen measured about 4 dm. high, and many of the immature achenes had aristae retrorsely barbed. 1 The occasional presence here of retrorsely barbed aristae in a species usually lacking them demonstrates again the impracticability of using the presence or absence of such aristae as a distinguishing character for Bidens and Coreopsis (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 307. 1915). For 147a. Bid ens Muelleri Sherff, see p. 645. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIV, FIGS. 0,-j Bidens Anthemoides: a, flowering and fruiting spray, X0.65; 6, exterior involucral bract, X5.23; c, interior involucral bract, X5.23; d, ray corolla, X5.23; e, palea, X5.23;/, disc floret, X5.23; g, anthers, X26.16; h, pollen grain, X261.6; i, upper portion of pistil, X26.16; j, achene, X5.23; all from Pringle 11486 (type of Bidens sarmentosa Greenm.), in Hb. Gray. 148. Bidens andicola H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 186 (237). 1820. PI. CXXIII, figs, a-d and h-p. Bidens fruticulosa Mey. & Walp. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 271. 1843. 2 Bidens Cosmantha var. diversifolia Griseb. Symb. Argent. 198. 1879. Bidens andicola vars. normalis and heterophylla 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 3, pt. 2: 136. 1898. 3 Capitula subradiata. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 5 mm. lata .... var. e. Mandonii. 1 Dr. Hall examined for me three sheets of material from the same original source (Calif.), and reported that one sheet had exaristate achenes. Thus here, as already seen in many other cases, plants of the same collection are found to vary decidedly in the matter of achenial aristae. 2 See also remarks upon Bidens diversifolia Willd. ex DC. under B. pilosa var. alausensis (H.B.K.) Sherff. 1 Coreopsis patula Willd. (forsan ined.) was the name given to Bonpland 3125 (Par.), from equatorial America. The leaves were small, mostly tripartite. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLI BIDENS SCHLECHTERI Sherff (figs, a-i) BIDENS HOFFMANNII Sherff (figs, j-p) OF TKt UltVERSltt Of IUIHW THE GENUS BIDENS 495 Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 7-8 mm. lata. var. 7. Cosmantha. f. 1. Buchtienii. Capitula perspicue radiata, ad anthesin multo majora. Habitus plerumque perennis, foliis 1-7 cm. longis nunc indivisis nunc tripartitis vel nonnullis etiam 1-3-pinnatis, capitulis pansis ad anthesin plerumque 2-4 rarius usque ad 5.5 cm. latis, achaeniis corpore 0.7-1.4 cm. longis. B. andicola sensu stricto. Habitus plerumque perennis, foliis 2-3-pinnatisectis usque ad 1 dm. longis, achaeniis longioribus superne valde attenuato-elongatis. var. j8. decomposite. Habitus plus minusve annuus, foliis ternatisectis, capitulis 1 vel paucis, normaliter radiatis et pansis ad anthesin 6-7 cm. latis. var. 7. Cosmantha. Habitus perennis, foliis plerumque indivisis, anguste vel late oblongo-linearibus, interdum 1-5-lobatis vel 3-5-partitis, seg- mentis linearibus; achaeniis parvis var. 5. tarijensis. Habitus perennis, omnibus foliis pinnatim divisis segmentis elonga- tis tenuiterque linearibus, achaeniis parvis. var. 5. tarijensis f. 1. dissecta. Herba perennis, semi-procumbens vel etiam erecta, valde hispido- pubescens vel fere glabra, ramosa; caulibus parce angulatis, 2-6 (rarius -8 vel etiam usque ad 13 fide Lehmannii) dm. longis. Folia 1-7 cm. longa, valde polymorpha; nunc indivisa, ovata, serrata, sessilia vel alato-petiolata, ad apicem obtusa vel subacuta; nunc tripartita vel 1-3-pinnata foliolis ovatisvel lanceolatis vel linearibus et ad apicem sensim vel abrupte apiculatis. Capitula ramos terminan- tia, longe pedunculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-4 vel rarius etiam usque ad 5.5 cm. lata, 0.7-1.4 cm. alta. Involucrum perspicue hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 8-10, lanceolatis vel lineari-oblongis, ciliatis, supra saepe glabratis, apice plerumque obtusis, 5-6.5 mm. longis, quam interioribus lanceolatis dense hispidis plerumque multo brevioribus. Flores ligulati saepius 8, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblan- ceolati, apice plerumque minute 3-denticulati, 1.2-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, inferne sensim attenuata, obcompresso- quadrangularia, sulcata, supra plus minusve erecto-hispida, fusco- nigra, corpore 0.7-1.4 cm. longa et 0.4-1 mm. lata et paleas demum superantia, apice bi- (vel pauca tri-) aristata, aristis tenuibus, brunneo-stramineis vel rubescentibus, retrorsum hamosis, 1.7-3 mm. longis. 496 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland at altitude of 3,150 meters, on slope of Mt. Chimborazo, Ecuador, June, 1799-1804 (Par.). Distribution: Region of the Andes from Colombia southward through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia into northern Argentina. Specimens examined : J. Ball, rocky places, alt. 3,600-3,900 meters, Chicla, Peru, April 21-23, 1882 (Gray) ; Miguel Bang 16 pro parte, alt. 3,000 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, 1889 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew, cum B. pilosa var. radiata commixta; Mo.; Mus. V.); idem 141, eodem loco, 1890 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cop.; Field; Gray: Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Phila., etc.); Aime Bonpland 3125, equatorial America (Par., sub nom. Coreopside patula Willd. mss.); Thomas Bridges, Bolivia (Brit.); Otto Buchtien, alt. 3,700 meters, on hills, La Paz, Bolivia, February 5, 1907 (Berl.); idem, alt. 3,750- 3,800 meters, eodem loco, February, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets); idem, alt. 3,750 meters, eodem loco, March 6, 1919 (Field); idem 23, on hills and mountain slopes, alt. 3,700 meters, eodem loco, March, 1910 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Gray); idem (similiter) 23, alt. 3,200 meters, Unduavi, North Yungas, Bolivia, February, 1914 (Field; forma B. triplinerviae var. macranthae adpropinquans) ; idem 98, alt. 3,750 meters, dry hillsides, La Paz, Bolivia, May 18, 1907 (Field) ; idem 205, alt. 3,200 meters, hills, Unduavi, North Yungas, February 12, 1907 (Field) ; idem 260, alt. 3,750 meters, hills, La Paz, April 18, 1907 (Field); idem 261, alt. 3,700 meters, eodem loco, February 5, 1907 (Field); idem 732, alt. 3,700 meters, eodem loco, February 5, 1907 (Field); idem 1462, La Paz, February 5, 1907 (Gray; Mun.); idem 3072, alt. 3,300 meters, mountain slopes, Unduavi, North Yungas, November, 1910 (Field; U.S.; forma B. triplinerviae var. macranthae adpropinquans) ; idem 3073, alt. 3,200 meters, eodem loco, February 12, 1907 (Field; forma B. triplinerviae var. macranthae adpropinquans) ; idem 4305, alt. 3,750 meters, La Paz, April 8, 1919 (Field; Gray; U.S.); idem 4306, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Hamb.); Gaudichaud (Voyage la Bonite) 1046, Purruchuca, Peru, 1836-1837 (Par., sub nom. Bidente diffusa); Fritz Claren 11443, alt. 3,650 meters, sandy places, Santa Catalina, Dept. Santa Catalina, Prov. Jujuy, Argentina (Stockh.); R. E. Fries 987, alt. 3,300-3,400 meters, subhumid, cultivated places, Yavi, Prov. Jujuy, Argentina, January 1, 1902 (Stockh., 2 sheets) ; R. Hauthal 334, alt. about 3,600 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, 1906 (Berl.); F. L. Herrara 2358, alt. 3,600 meters, hills of the Saxaihuaman, Dept. Cuzco, Peru, March, 1929 (Field); G. Hieronymus & P. G. Lorentz, vicinity of Nevado del THE GENUS BIDENS 497 Castillo, Prov. Salta, Argentina, March 19-23, 1873 (Berl.); Hum- boldt & Bonpland, alt. 3,150 meters, etc. (type, Par.: cotype, Willd., sub herb. No. 15032, fol. 2, et sub nom. Bidente pubescenti Willd.); A. S. Kalenborn 1006, Oroya, Peru (U.S.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 21591, alt. 3,000-3,500 meters, on open hillside, Rio Blanco, Dept. Lima, Peru, April 15-17, 1929 (Field); iidem 21766, eodem loco et tempore (Field); Otto Kuntze, Cochabamba, Bolivia, March, 1892 (Mo., sub appellationibus /3. and a. normali) ; idem, alt. 2,100 meters, Santa Rosa, Bolivia, April 1, 1892 (N.Y., sub nom. Bidente grandiflora 5. serrulata 0. K.);F. C.Lehmann, abundant in swampy places, alt. 3,000 meters, Pasto, Colombia, June 14, 1878 (Mus. V.) ; idem 357, alt. 2,000 meters, Tunguragua, Ecuador, October 31, 1879 (Boiss.); idem 2835, alt. 2,600-3,000 meters, Dept. Cauca, Colombia, May 6, 1883 (Gray) ; idem 5977, abundant at alt. 2,500- 2,800 meters, on the Alto de Pesares above Popayan, Cauca, Colom- bia, March (Berl.) ; G. Mandon 43 pro parte, uncultivated slopes at alt. 2,600-2,700 meters, San Pedro, Bolivia, March, 1859 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; N.Y.); idem (similiter) 43 pro parte, everywhere, in dry, rocky, uncultivated places, alt. 2,650-3,200 meters, Sorata, Bolivia, February-May, 1859 (Boiss.); idem 44 pro parte, San Pedro, Bolivia, March, 1859 (Berl.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mus. V.); idem 45 pro parte, alt. 3,200 meters, between Mt. Pocara and Habaya, Sorata, Bolivia, February, 1859 (Brit.); idem 46 pro parte, Sorata, (N.Y.) ; Mathews 1046, Cuesta de Purruchuca, Peru (Del., sub nom. Bidente diffusa; Kew); F. W. Pennell 13555, rocky stream bank, alt. 3,500-3,600 meters, Sacsahuaman, above Cuzco, Dept. Cuzco, Peru, April, 24, 1925 (Field) ; idem 14240, alt. 3,500-3,550 meters, rocky cliff below La Paz, Bolivia, May 19-20, 1925 (Field); idem 14730, alt. 3,400-3,600 meters, open, rocky slope, Huaros, Dept. Lima, Peru, June 23, 1925 (Field); K. Pflanz 106, alt. 3,100 meters, Palca, La Paz, Bolivia, April, 1908 (Berl.); idem 205, alt. 4,300 meters, eodem loco, February, 1908 (Berl.); idem 441, Palca, La Paz, April 8, 1910 (Berl.); idem 466, alt. 3,650 meters, eodem loco, Febru- ary 1, 1910 (Berl.) ; H. H. Rusby 1687, alt. 3,000 meters, near La Paz, April, 1885 (N.Y.) ; idem 1688, alt. 3,000 meters, La Paz, Octo- ber, 1885 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Phila.); F. Schickendantz 139, Yacatula, near Bele"n, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, 1879- 1880 (Berl.); idem 200, Capillitas, Prov. Catamarca, February, 1873 (Berl., 2 sheets, 1 sub nom. Bidente Cosmantha var. diversifolia) ; A. Weberbauer 2506, alt. 3,400-3,600 meters, mountains east of Palca, Dept. Junin, Prov. Tarma, Peru, February 12, 1903 (Berl.); 498 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI idem 3057, alt. 3,700 meters, Hacienda Cajabamba (between Samanco and Caraz), Dept. Ancash, Peru, May 24, 1903 (Berl.); idem 4854, alt. 3,500-3,600 meters, Sacsahuaman, above Cuzco, Peru, May 24, 1905 (Berl., forma B. triplinerviae var. macranthae adpropinquans) . For many years the identity of the South American Bidens andi- cola has been obscured by the great multiplicity of foliage forms encountered. Weddell, as early as 1856 (Chloris And. 1 : 70) described it as a polymorphous plant ("Plante polymorphe et tres repande dans la chaine, mais presque exclusivement alpestre"). Later, Otto Kuntze, who like Weddell had collected in South America, com- mented upon the variability of the leaves ("Eine robuste Art mit einfach oder mehrfach ternatisecten Blattern, mittelgrossen gelben Strahlbliithen, ziemlich grossen Bliithenkopfen, ausseren zottig behaarten Involucralbracteen, etc., aber in Bezug auf Blattheilung wie manche andere Bidens-Art sehr variabel" ; Rev. Gen. PI. 3, pt. 2: 136. 1898). In herbaria the numerous foliage forms are seen to simulate corresponding forms of B. triplinervia H.B.K. (B. humilis H.B.K., B. Crithmifolia H.B.K., etc.), and this has led often to con- fusion between the two species. Some years ago I was enabled, through the courtesy of Dr. Otto Buchtien (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 151. 1923), to study a great number of specimens collected by him and displaying a wide range of variation. From these (Field) and many others, totalling more than three hundred specimens, the descriptions for B. andicola and its varieties are drawn. It was found that sometimes, in poorly developed material, distinction from B. triplinervia or its varieties is apparently impossible, but that in well developed material the distinctions are usually very definite, B. andicola being coarser, its thicker heads having commonly about eight instead of commonly about five rays, etc. B. andicola has the paleae shorter than the mature achenes and even this character alone separates it from the surprisingly similar aggregation of Mexican forms of B. triplinervia (Purpus 1547, 1548, 2637, 4135, 5089, 5620; Rose & Painter 6666, 7949; Pringle 4915; E. W. Nelson 3220, etc.) that in late years have passed erroneously under the name B. Dauci- folia DC. In the latter the paleae are usually very blackish above and commonly surpass the mature achenes. The type sheet of B. fruticulosa Mey. & Walp. in Berlin bears two small specimens collected by Mey en in April, 1831, about Tacora, Peru. The leaves are undivided, ovate to oblanceolate, and only about 1 cm. long, the heads 6-8-ligulate. The plants match very closely a certain form found among the Buchtien plants sld Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLII BIDENS MILDBRAEDII Sherff . THE GENUS BIDENS 499 already cited (No. 4305), and thus are seen to be merely an extreme form of B. andicola. As stated in a former article (Bot. Gaz. 85: 2. 1928), Grise- bach's B. Cosmantha var. diversifolia was described as having the lowermost leaves ternatisect, the others entire, elliptic-oblong, sharply serrate. It came from the Province of Catamarca, Argen- tina. The Catamarca plants studied by Grisebach had been collected by F. Schickendantz (Griseb. op. cit. 3). A good specimen of F. Schickendantz 200, from Catamarca and bearing the determination B. Cosmantha var. diversifolia Griseb., is extant in the Berlin Her- barium. It is merely B. andicola H.B.K. Bidens andicola var. /3. decomposita Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3, pt. 2: 136. 1898. PI. CXXIII, figs. / and g. Bidens macrantha Griseb. Abhandl. Goett. 19: 138. 1874. Bidens grandiflora var. breviloba Kuntze, loc. cit. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta, usque ad 1 dm. longa, achaeniis superne valde attenuato-elongata. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Kuntze, at altitude of 3,000 meters, Cochabamba, Bolivia, March 26, 1892 (N.Y.). Distribution: From Ecuador southward through Peru and Bolivia into Argentina, where it extends as far south as the provinces of Mendoza, San Luis, and Cordoba. Specimens examined: J. Ball, rocky places, alt. 3,600-3,900 meters, Chicla, Peru, April 21-23, 1882 (Kew, ubi secundum speci- men species ipsa est); idem, alt. 4,200-4,290 meters, above Casa- palta, Peru, April 22, 1882 (Kew) ; idem, alt. 1,800-3,300 meters, in valley of Rimac River, Peru, April, 1882 (Kew) ; Miguel Bang 16 pro parte, alt. 3,000 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, 1889 (Del. ; Mun. ; U.V.) ; idem 141a, Bolivia (Cop.; N.Y.); Thomas Bridges, Bolivia (Brit.; forma B. triplinerviae var. macranthae adpropinquans) ; Otto Buchtien, alt. 3,840 meters, Bolivia, March, 1910 (Field); idem, alt. 3,750 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, March, 1912 (Brit.); idem, eodem loco, March, 1913 (Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); idem, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco, February, 1919 (Field) ; idem 150, alt. 3,750 meters, eodem loco, March, 1913 (Field) ; idem 377, eodem loco, February 2, 1919 (Field); idem 812, eodem loco et tempore (Field, 2 sheets); idem 3066, eodem loco, March, 1910 (N.Y.); idem 3067, alt. 3,700 meters, hills, La Paz, March, 1910 (Field); idem 4301 et 4302, alt. 3,750 meters, La Paz, February 2, 1919 (Field; U.S.); idem 8562, alt. 3,750 meters, eodem loco, February 13, 1931 (Field); idem 500 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 8563, alt. 3,850 meters, eodem loco et tempore (Field); idem 8660, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco, April 25, 1931 (Field) ; Cardenas "68 special," alt. 3,300 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, May 7, 1922 (N.Y.); K.Fiebrig 3004, South America (Berl.) ; idem 30326, alt. 3,600 meters, Escayache near Tarija, Bolivia, January-February, 1904 (Stockh.); C. Galander, Pampa del Matadero, Argentina, January 22, 1880 (Berl.); idem, ravine, at foot of Los Gigantes, Sierra Achala, Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, January 23, 1880 (Berl.); idem, ravine, eodem loco, January 24, 1880 (Berl.); idem, Estancia de las Rosas, Prov. Cordoba, January 27, 1881 (Berl.); idem, Cuesta de San Ignacio, Argentina, March 23, 1881 (N.Y.) ; idem, Sierra de la Estan- zuela, Prov. San Luis, Argentina, March 3, 1882 (Berl.); idem, ravine of los Bueyes near San Francisco, Prov. San Luis, March 17, 1882 (Berl.); idem, Cerro del Morro, Prov. San Luis, March 22, 1882 (Berl.) ; F. L. Herrera 1482a, alt. 3,350 meters, Cuzco, Peru, March, 1927 (Gray); G. Hieronymus, Paso de la Higuera at foot of the Cuesta de Arpel, Sierra Achala, Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, March 24-25, 1874 (Berl.); idem, Sierra Achala, north from the Cuesta de Copina, Argentina, February 19, 1877 (Berl.); idem 431, Cerro de Orcosu, Dept. Las Minas, Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, February 20, 1876 (Berl.; Kew, ubi glabra et mexicanae B. serrulatae plus minusve adpropinquans) ; idem & P. G. Lorentz 147, Los Potreros at foot of Nevado del Castillo, Prov. Salta, Argentina, March 24, 1873 (Berl., forma tantum 5- vel 6-radiata); iidem 172, eodem loco, March 18, 1873 (Berl.; forma floribus ligulatis deficientibus vel minimis); A. S. Hitchcock 20785, alt. 3,000 meters, open slopes, La Rinconada, a ranch between Ibarra and Tulcan, Prov. Carchi, Ecuador, August 10-11, 1923 (N.Y.) ; P. Jorgensen 1363 pro parte, Dept. Andalgala, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, February 16, 1917 (U.S.; in Herb. Calif, hie numerus species ipsa est); A. S. Kalenborn 100, alt. 3,000- 4,200 meters, dry hills, Oroya, Peru (U.S.); idem lOOa, Oroya (U.S.); Margaret Kalenborn 100, alt. 3,000-5,100 meters, Oroya, 1919 (Mo.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 24229, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, open hillside, Huacapistana, Dept. Junin, Peru, June 6-8, 1929 (Field) ; P.O. Lorentz, Tucuman, Argentina (Kew; commun. Grisebach sub nom. B. macrantha Griseb.); idem 152 and 152a, Sierra de Tucuman, La Cie"naga, Prov. Tucuman, Argentina, March 25-31, 1872 (Berl.); idem 188, meadows, etc., Ascodringa, Argentina, April, 1871 (Berl.); idem 318, La Cie"naga, Argentina (Berl.) ; Macbride &Featherstone 441, grassy hilltop, Matucana, Peru, April 12-May 3, 1922 (Field) ; Hans Meyer 61, alt. 4,200-4,300 meters, paramo region, Mt. Chimborazo, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLIII f a BIDENS BEQUAERTII DeWild. Of THt ILIHC1S THE GENUS BIDENS 501 Ecuador, 1903 (Berl.) ; K. Pflanz 406 p.p., alt. 3,550 m., Palca, La Paz, Bolivia, March 13, 1910 (Berl.); E. C. Reed 142, Mendoza, Argentina (Kew); H. H. Rusby 1686, near La Paz, Bolivia, April, 1885 (N.Y.); C. S. Sargent 26, above Chicla, Peru, December 26, 1905 (U.S.; forma) ; F. Schickendantz 201, Negrilla, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina, Febru- ary, 1873 (Berl.); A. Weberbauer 275, alt. 4,400 meters, near Lima, Peru, January 18-27, 1902 (Berl.). Occasionally a form of B. andicola is found with the leaves highly compound and the achenes strongly narrowed above, somewhat like those of Cosmos. If it were not for various connecting forms this would seem to be specifically distinct. Kuntze, who collected speci- mens of it, referred at least one of them, a plant from Cochabamba, Bolivia (N.Y.) to B. andicola, naming it var. decomposita. In a care- less moment he named a precisely identical form collected between Cochabamba and Rio Juntas, Bolivia (N.Y.) B. grandiflora var. breviloba, although B. grandiflora ( = B. serrulata} is a Mexican species not known to occur in South America. To Kuntze's variety decomposita must be referred Bidens ma- crantha Griseb., founded on a plant by P. G. Lorentz, No. 316, alpine pastures near La Cie"naga, Argentina. The type is extant in good condition (Berl.). Although lacking mature achenes, it matches very closely the Bolivian specimens of var. decomposita, except in the unimportant respect that it has somewhat larger rays. Bidens andicola var. 7. Cosmantha (Griseb.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 2. 1928. PL CXXIII, fig. e and PL CXXIV. Bidens Cosmantha Griseb. Goett. Abhandl. 19: 137. 1874. Caules altiores et graciliores, mono- vel paucicephali, foliis terna- tisectis; segmentis supra basim argute serratis acutis, lateralibus sessilibus duplo brevioribus ovatis, terminali oblongo-lanceolato basi cuneato et secus petiolum decurrente, capitulis longe pedunculatis, normaliter radiatis et pansis ad anthesin 6-7 cm. latis. Type specimen: Collected by Paul Guenther Lorentz, No. 1526, Sierra de Tucuman, La Cie"naga, Province of Tucuman, Argentina, March 25-31, 1872 (Berl.). Distribution: From central western Bolivia (La Paz) southward to the provinces of Catamarca and Tucuman in northern Argentina. Specimens examined : Otto Buchtien 813, alt. 3,750 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, March 6, 1919 (Field; Gray; Hamb.); idem 8477, alt. 3,750 meters, La Paz, January 22, 1931 (Field); idem 8561, alt. 3,750 meters, La Paz, February 13, 1931 (Field); idem 8564, alt. 3,900 502 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI meters, La Paz, February 24, 1931 (Field) ; P. G. Lorentz 540 and 5406, Granadillas near Yacatula (near Beln), Prov. Catamarca, Argen- tina, beginning of February, 1872 (Berl.); idem 1526 (type, Berl.). Grisebach's type of B. andicola var.Cosmantha was P.O. Lorentz 1526, La Cie'naga, etc. Identical material was collected by Lorentz under Nos. 540 and 5406 (Granadillas near Yacatula, etc.). These Lorentz specimens are connected with B. andicola H.B.K. by too many intermediate forms to permit their being regarded as specific- ally distinct. They may best be considered as a variety of B. andi- cola, more or less distinguished from the species proper by the tall, slender habit, by the leaves more dissected (but less so than in var. decomposita 0. Ktze.) and with outlines suggesting those of celery (Apium graveolens L.), also by the (typically) larger flowering heads, which when fully expanded reach a diameter of 6-7 cm. Bidens andicola var. 7. Cosmantha f. 1. Buchtienii (Sherff), comb. nov. PI. CI, figs. a-g. Bidens Buchtienii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 150. 1923. A var. capitulis discoideis vel interdum radiatis (radiis 4 vel 5 minimis rudimentariis atro-flavis) differt. Type specimen : Collected by Otto Buchtien, No. 4304, at altitude of 3,800 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, April 8, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality of La Paz and vicinity, Bolivia. Specimens examined: Miguel Bang 16 pro parte, alt. 3,000 meters, La Paz, 1889 (Mun.); Otto Buchtien, alt. 3,670 meters, La Paz, April, 1913 (Brit.; Cop.; Del.; Hamb.; Mo.; N.Y.); idem 708, alt. 3,750 meters, eodem loco, February 27, 1907 (Field; N.Y.); idem 814, alt. 3,750 meters, eodem loco, March 6, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets; Gray, 2 sheets; Hamb.); idem 4303a and 6, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco, March 23, 1919 (Field); idem 4304 (2 type sheets, Field); idem 8226, alt. 3,600 meters, region of Tembladerani, La Paz, March 26, 1931 (Field) ; idem 8474, alt. 3,500 meters, lower half of San Jorge, La Paz, December, 1930 (Field) ; idem 8475, alt. 3,800 meters, La Paz, Decem- ber 19, 1930 (Field); idem 8476, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco, January 17, 1931 (Field); idem 8548, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco, February 24, 1931 (Field); idem 8549, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco et tempore (Field) ; idem 8550, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco et tern- pore (Field) ; idem 8551, alt. 3,800 meters, eodem loco, February 20, 1931 (Field) ; idem 8553, alt. 3,600 meters, eodem loco, February 18, 1931 (Field); idem 8621, alt. 3,750 meters, eodem loco, March 6, 1931 Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLIV BIDENS HILDEBRANDTII O. Hoffm. OF THt UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 503 (Field) ; idem 8622, alt. 4,000 meters, eodem loco, March 15, 1931 (Field); idem 8624, alt. 3,850 meters, eodem loco et tempore (Field); idem 8625, alt. 3,850 meters, eodem loco et tempore (Field); idem 8627, alt. 3,600 meters, eodem loco, March 26, 1931 (Field). In 1916, Otto Buchtien, the eminent South American collector, courteously undertook to secure for me as wide a range as possible of specimens of Bidens from South America. His collections since then, as well as his earlier collections, all mainly from Bolivia and Chile, have been received and deposited in the Herbarium of Field Museum. Not only do some of them throw great light upon heretofore difficult points as to the variations of certain species, but two of them were found to be apparently new to science. One of these was described under the name B. pseudocosmos. The other was at first regarded as representing a new species, B. Buchtienii. Studies of the more recently collected specimens have shown indubitably that the B. Buchtienii plants are merely a subligulate form of B. andicola var. Cosmantha. 1 Bidens andicola var. d. tarijensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 14. 1928. Folia plerumque indivisa, anguste vel late oblongo-linearia, interdum 1-5-lobata vel 3-5-partita, segmentis linearibus. Type specimen: Collected by Karl Fiebrig, No. 3460, Tarija, Bolivia, March 9, 1904 (Berl.). Distribution: Southern Bolivia. Specimens examined: Fiebrig 3004a pro parte, Tarija, in 1904 (Berl.); idem 3460 (type, Berl.); idem 3461 pro parte, alt. 3,200 meters, Calderillo, March 22, 1904 (Berl.). The specimens cited for the var. tarijensis (and its f. dissecta, below) come from the little known territory in the extreme southern part of Bolivia, close to the Argentine boundary. They are graceful, mostly glabrous plants, growing up to a meter in height. They have a habit more characteristic of B. triplinervia H.B.K. (with which they were at first confused by me), but the heads are rather uniformly 8- rayed, as in B. andicola. The variety proper is seen to be comparable with the var. hirtella of B. triplinervia. In var. tarijensis, however, 1 Recently Buchtien has reported (in lit. March 27, 1932) that B. andicola (meaning var. Cosmantha in particular) has rays often 4 cm. long, but usually 3 cm., and as short as 2 cm. only on very dry spots of ground. He reports further that the Buchtienii forms are always radiate but with rays only 2-3 mm. long. He has "never seen plants which form a transition from the one to the other." For practical purposes of identification, it may be remarked that dried herbarium specimens of f. Buchtienii often appear entirely discoid. 504 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI there is observed the very strong tendency to produce a form with the leaves divided into 3-5 elongate-linear segments. This form (f . dissecta) is very different in general habit from other known forms of B. andicola with compound leaves. 1 Bidens andicola var. 6. tarijensis f. 1. dissecta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 14. 1928. E var. tarijensi ipsa omnibus foliis pinnatim divisis segmentis elongatis tenuiterque linearibus differt. Type specimen: Collected by KarlFiebrig, No. 3147, at altitude of 2,200 meters, Tarija, Bolivia, March 13, 1904 (Berl.). Distribution: Southern Bolivia. Specimens examined: Fiebrig 3004a pro parte, Tarija, 1904 (Berl.); idem 3147 (type, Berl.); idem 3461 pro parte, alt. 3,200 meters, Calderillo, March 22, 1904 (Berl.). Bidens andicola var. . Mandonii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 380. 1925. A specie differt: saepius annua, altior (usque ad 8 vel 10 dm. alta), minus ramosa et magis attenuata; capitulis ad anthesin sub- radiatis, minoribus, tantum circ. 5 mm. latis et 5-7 mm. altis, achae- niis gracilioribus. Type specimen: Collected by Gustave Mandon, No. 48, in uncultivated places at altitude of 2,650-2,680 meters, San Pedro, Bolivia, March, 1859 (Boiss.). Distribution: Bolivia and northernmost Argentina. Specimens examined: Otto Buchtien 9105, alt. 3,200 meters, Unduavi, North Yungas, Bolivia, October, 1931 (Field) ; P. G. Lorentz & G. Hieronymus, cattle ranches at foot of Nevado del Castillo, Prov. Salta, Argentina, March 19, 1873 (Berl., 2 sheets); Mandon 44 pro parte, San Pedro, Bolivia, March, 1859 (Boiss.; Mus. V.); idem 48 (type, Boiss.: cotypes, Brit.; Kew). Mr. Gustave Beauverd, in 1919, had referred my type doubtfully to a variety of B. pilosa L. The fruiting heads, however, are more those of B. andicola. Mandon 44, collected at the same time and place, offers several transitional forms that connect this variety satisfactorily with typical B. andicola. In fact, the Boissier Herba- 1 We may note an instructive specimen, K. Fiebrig 3459, alt. 2,800 meters, Tarija, Bolivia, March 22, 1904 (Berl.)- This was collected the same day as the Calderillo plants (No. 3461), at a slightly different altitude in a nearby locality. Its leaves are tripartite and more as in normal forms of B. andicola. eld Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLV I' a ( BIDENS MAGNIFOLIA Sherff OF THt flf HIlNCIS THE GENUS BIDENS 505 rium specimen of Mandon 44 and one in the Natural History Museum at Vienna are closer to the variety than to the species proper. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CI, FIGS, a-g Bidens andicola var. Cosmantha f. Buchtienii: a, fruiting branch, X0.62; 6, exterior involucral bract, X2.48; c, interior involucral bract, X2.48; d, palea, X2.48; e, disc floret, X4.96; / (outer), g (inner), achenes, X2.48; all from type. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXIII Bidens andicola, figs, a-d, h-p: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.65; b, pair of leaves, X0.65; c, d, more compound leaves, X0.65; h, lower surface of portion of leaf enlarged to show pubescence, X2.62; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.27;;, interior involucral bract, X3.27; k, portion of j, enlarged to show multiloculate hairs, X44.78; I, ray floret, X2.62; ra, palea, X3.27; n, disc floret, X4.58; o (outer), p (inner), achenes, X4.58; a, h-p, from Buchtien 732, in Hb. Field; b, from Buchtien 4305 (matching type of Bidens fruticulosa Walp.), ibid.; c, from type; d, fromBcmg 16, in Hb. Berl. Bidens andicola var. decomposita, figs. /, g: cauline leaves, X0.65; /, from Buchtien 377, in Hb. Field; g, from Buchtien, alt. 3,800 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, February, 1919, ibid. Bidens andicola var. Cosmantha, fig. e: cauline leaf, X0.65; from Buchtien 813, in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXIV Bidens andicola var. Cosmantha: a, flowering and subfruiting specimen, X0.68; b, separate leaf, X0.68; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.38; d, interior involucral bract, X3.38; e, ray corolla, Xl.35; /, palea, X3.38; g, disc floret, X3.38; h, immature achenes, X4.05; a, from type; b-h, from Lorentz 5406, in Hb. Berl. 149. Bidens microphylla Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 390. 1930. PL CXXV. Coreopsis pulchella 0. Hoffm. Bot. Jahrb. 38: 204, pi. 3. 1906; et Engler, Pflanzenw. Afrikas 1, pt. 1: 155, pi. 124. 1910. Herba prostrata, verisimiliter perennis, ramosa, ramis gracillimis infra sparsissime supra valde pilosis foliosis, speciminibus visis tantum 1-1.5 dm. longis, nodis majoribus radicantibus, internodiis 0.5-2.5 cm. longis. Folia minima, tenuiter petiolata petiolis basi dilatatis parce pilosis 2-5 mm. longis petiolo adjecto tantum 8-10 mm. longa, lamina deltoidea membranacea subglabra tripartita 506 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI segmentis rhomboideo-ovatis iterum 2-5-fidis, laciniis acutis vel apiculatis. Capitula solitaria ramos terminantia pedunculis tenuibus 1.5 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.2-1.6 cm. lata et 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae aequilongae (circ. 4 mm.), exteri- ores 5-7 carnosulae glabrae spathulatae apicem versus rotundatae et apice ipso minute mucronulatae, interiores late ellipticae mem- branaceae puberulae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, aurei, ligula oblongi, apice submucronulati, 7-8 mm. longi et 3-4 mm. lati. Disci florum stigmata terminaliter angustata. Achaenia anguste obovoidea, obcom- pressa, exalata, margine parce ciliata, apice obtuso vel truncate calva vel bidenticulata, 2-2.5 mm. longa et 0.5 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Ellenbeck (Exped. Baron Von Erlanger}, No. 1370, on rocks at altitude of 3,000 meters, at Abutkasin in the Land of Arussi-Galla, Galla Highland, July 16, 1900 (Berl.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Galla Highland. Specimens examined: Ellenbeck 1370 (type, Berl.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXV Bidens microphylla: a, b, flowering branches, X0.62; c, view from below of flattened involucre, X4.31; d, ray corolla, X4.93; e, palea, X4.93; /, disc floret, X6.16; g, achene, X4.93; all from type, but a and b drawn partly with aid of type plate. 150. Bidens triplinervia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 182 (231). 1820. PI. CXXVI, figs, j, k. Bidens affinis Klotzsch & Otto, Linnaea 15: 2. 1841; Literatur- Bericht 83. 1841. Bidens pedunculata Phil. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 1891: 49. 1891 (ex descript. et patr.); B. pedunculosa Phil, ex Ind. Kew Suppl. 1: 56. 1906 (sphalm). a. Folia plerumque indivisa. 6. Folia ovato-lanceolata B. triplinervia sensu stricto. b. Folia linearia vel lineari-lanceolata var. /3. hirtella. a. Folia plerumque 1-3-pinnata. 6. Folia normaliter tripartita saepius molliter pubescentia. var. <5. mollis. b. Folia variabiliter pinnato-quinquepartita, bipinnata vel etiam tripinnata. c. Segmenta ultima linearia 0.5-3 mm. lata. d. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6. var. 7. macranlha sensu stricto. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate CLVI BIDENS PHALANGIPHYLLA Sherff (figs, a-h) BIDENS ELLIOTII (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, t-p) THE GENUS BIDENS 507 d. Flores ligulati circ. 8 var. 7. macrantha f . 1. octoradiata. c. Segmenta ultima flagellaria plerumque circ. 0.3-0.6 mm. lata. var. e. nematoidea. Herba perennis, diffusa, gracilis, glabra vel sparsim pubescens; caulibus saepe numerosis, simplicibus vel inferne ramosis, procum- bentibus vel adscendentibus, angulatis, 1-3.5 (-7) dm. longis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 1.5-4 cm. longa, indivisa, ovato-lanceolata, serrata. Capitula terminalia, solitaria, longe tenuiterque pedunculata pedunculo 0.3-1.5 dm. longo, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 5-8 mm. alta et 1.5-2.5 cm. vel etiam usque ad 6 cm. lata, cum fructu demum 7-10 mm. alta et 0.7-1.4 cm. lata. Involucrum glabrum vel hispidum; bracteis exterioribus (5-9) quam interioribus paulo brevioribus, linearibus, obtusis, 3-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, flavi, ligula oblongo-elliptici, apice tridenticulati, 1-3 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, quadran- gularia, nigrescentia, supra scabriuscula vel sparsim hispida, bi- vel triaristata, corpore 6-9 mm. longa, aristis retrorsum barbatis, 0.7-2 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bon- pland, at altitude of 2,106 meters, near San Agustin de Las Cuevas and the City of Mexico, State of Mexico, Mexico, 1803-1804 (Par.). Distribution : Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, and Ecua- dor; very rare, being usually represented by one of its varieties. Specimens examined: Ed. Andre 556, Facatativa, Colombia (Kew) ; Anon, (communic. R. A. Philippi, February, 1888), Tarapaca, Chile (Kew, sub nom. Bidente macropa Phil.); 0. F. Cook & G. B. Gilbert 703, alt. about 3,000 meters, Ollantaitambo, Peru, May 13, 1915 (U.S.; monstrosum); Rosalio G6mez 1074, alt. 1,950 meters, Santiago, Dept. Zacatepe"quez, Guatemala, 1891 (Kew); Justin Goudot, ditches, Fontibon, Prov. of Bogota, Colombia, February 20, 1844 (Par.); idem, Guadalupe, Bogota, Colombia, March, 1844 (Webb); Hort. Argentorati, Strasburg, Alsace, August, 1841 (Herb. Schz. Bip. in Par.); Hort. Berol, October, 1833 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem, 1840 (Berl.); idem, e seminibus mexicanis, August, 1840 (Berl.); idem, September, 1840 (Berl.); Humboldt & Bonpland, alt. 2,106 meters, etc. (type and cotype, Par.); E. P. Killip & Albert C. Smith 17405, alt. 3,400-3,700 meters, Paramo de Vetas, Dept. Santander, Co- lombia, January 16, 1927 (U.S.); iidem 18212, alt. 3,500-3,700 meters, Paramo de Las Puentes, above La Baja, Dept. Santander, Colombia, January 25, 1927 (U.S.); E. W. Nelson 3656, alt. 3,300 meters, mountains near Hacienda Chaucol, Guatemala, January 2, 508 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 1896 (U.S.; forma foliis late ovatis); 1 C. A. Purpus 5089 pro parte, El Chico, Hidalgo, Mexico, September, 1905 (Calif.; cum var. macrantha lecta) ; J. N. Rose & R. Hay 6039 pro parte, Mt. Popo- catapetl, Mexico, August 7-8, 1901 (U.S.; forma foliis rotundato- ovatis, cum var. macrantha lecta) ; C. J. W. Schiede, near Angangueo, Michoacan, Mexico, October (Berl., 2 sheets) ; J. D. Smith 2375, alt. 300 meters, San Luis, Dept. Escuintla, Guatemala, April, 1890 (Phila.); A. Stubel 54a, Cerro Colocachi, Prov. Imbabura, Ecuador, November-December, 1870 (Berl.); idem 143 pro parte, alt. 3,700- 3,800 meters, Paramo de Pasca, Dept. Cundinamarca, Colombia, June, 1868 (Berl., 2 sheets; cum var. macrantha commixt.; nom. vulg., nacha); J. Triana 1375, alt. 2,700 meters, Prov. Bogota, Colombia, 1851-1857 (Par.). Bidens affinis Kl. & 0. was described from specimens raised from seed sent by E. Otto. A number of good specimens are in the older herbaria (Herb. Bernhardi in Mo.; Mus. V.; Par.; etc.). Specimens obtained in August, 1841, at the Strasburg Botanical Garden (Hort. Argent.) and elsewhere from seed sent from Berlin (where Klotzsch was Keeper of the Royal Herbarium, fide Pritzel, Thes. 165. 1872) are in the private herbarium of Schultz Bipontinus (Par.). These were determined by him as B. triplinervia H.B.K. O. E. Schulz (in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 143. 1911) likewise equates B. affinis with 5. triplinervia. In 1914 I compared the B. affinis specimens with the type and Bonpland duplicate of B. triplinervia (Par.) and found them identical. 2 Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 429-430. 1887) suspected B. triplinervia of being a form of B. heterophylla Ort.; i.e., of B. aurea (Ait.) Sherff. The two species do actually resemble each other in 1 Here may be mentioned C. G. Pringle 7895, alt. 2,850 meters, Sierra de Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, September 14, 1899 (U.S.); idem 7908, alt. 3,000 meters, eodem loco, October 6, 1899 (Gray); idem 8255, eodem loco, October 5, 1899 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Can.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets; Petrop.; Phila.; U.S., etc.). These are tall, robust forms, appearing at first as if abnormal forms of Bidens serrulata. Most of the specimens have simple leaves and these vary greatly in outline (from ovate-lanceolate to rotund) and hispidity Cdensely hispid to glabrous). No. 7908 has the ovate, simple leaves very incisely toothed with about 5-7 long teeth on each side, giving the same pectinate appear- ance noted by Schultz Bipontinus in certain specimens of Mandon 50 from Bolivia. In a number of cases, however, the foliage is fairly typical for B. triplinervia. Whether the bizarre vegetative variations observed among these Pringle plants from the upper slopes of Sierra de Pachuca are indicative of hybridization with one or two neighboring species can only be surmised at this time. 2 The Berlin Herbarium contains the two sheets, already cited, of fine material collected near Angangueo, Michoacan, Mexico, October, by Schiede, also several garden specimens cultivated in 1833 at Berlin, doubtless from seed of the Schiede specimens. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLVII BIDENS INSECTA (S. L. Moore) Sherff OF THt OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 509 their simple-leaved states, but B. triplinervia's longer achenes are very distinctive. Bidens pedunculata Phil, was based upon Frederick Philippi 217, Sibaya, Province of Tarapaca, Chile. I have not seen the type, although the first above cited specimen, from Tarapaca, may be from the original collection. Reiche (Fl. Chile 4: 102. 1905), who without doubt has studied the type, equates B. pedunculata with B. serrata Pav., but this latter has more slender leaves than called for by Philippi's description ("foliis inferioribus .... ovato-lanceolatis") and is better referred to var. hirtella. Bidens triplinervia var. ft. hirtella (H.B.K.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 13. 1928; cf. Bot. Gaz. 80: 383 and pi. 21.1925. PI. CXXVII. Bidens hirtella H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 182 (232). 1820. Bidens procumbens H.B.K. loc. cit. Bidens serrata Pav. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 597. 1836. E specie foliis linearibus vel lineari-lanceolatis differt. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland, probably at Quito, Ecuador, 1799-1803 (Par.). Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Specimens examined : Bro. Ariste-Joseph A42, Bogota, Colombia, 1916 (U.S.); M. T. Dawe 302, sabana or plain of Bogota, Colombia, communic. 1916 (Kew); Humboldt & Bonpland, probably at Quito, Ecuador, 1799-1803 (types of Bidens hirtella H.B.K. and B. pro- cumbens H.B.K.; Par.); iidem, Quito, eodem tempore (Par.); Ruiz, Pavon, and Dombey 977, Peru, 1788 (Del.; type of Bidens serrata Pav. ex DC.); J. Triana 1374 pro parte (Par., cum var. macrantha commixt.). The type locality of B. hirtella H.B.K. and of B. procumbens H.B.K. was not definitely known to Kunth. In the case of the former, he surmised (H.B.K. loc. cit.) that the plant had grown with B. triplinervia H.B.K., which was known to have been collected in Mexico ("prope San Augustin de Las Cuevas et urbem Mexici"). In the case of the latter, he surmised that it had grown near Jalapa ("Xalapa"), Mexico. An extra sheet of original material matching the type of B. hirtella and of the identical B. procumbens was in the Bonpland Herbarium, which was given later to the Paris Herbarium. This was clearly of the same collection as the two types mentioned. It had been labeled (by Spach, fide L. Anfrayi coram me in mense 510 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Augusto anno 1914) B. procumbens, and had come from Quito, Ecuador. Without doubt the types of B. hirtella and of B. pro- cumbent, which had upon their labels no data as to locality (except "Ame'rique Equatoriale"), came from the same locality, Quito, Ecuador. In a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 80: 383. 1925), I have treated B. triplinervia as having two sets of forms with divided leaves (var. mollis and var. macrantha), and one set with undivided leaves (the species proper). From this last set may properly be segregated the forms with slender leaves as var. hirtella. Kunth described the leaves of this variety as lanceolate, but they are variously linear- lanceolate, widely linear-oblong, or narrowly oblong-lanceolate. The affinity with B. triplinervia is evidenced by the mostly 5-rayed heads, which probably alone distinguish the variety from the corre- sponding var. tarijensis of B. andicola H.B.K. To var. hirtella must be referred B. serrata Pav. ex DC. The type (No. 977 of the Ruiz, Pavon, and Dombey expedition, Peru, in 1788; cf. Lasegue, Mus. Bot. Deless. 244-247. 1845) is extant in the DeCandolle Prodromus Herbarium (Del.). It lacks flowers, as stated by DeCandolle, but has some leaves undivided and lanceolate or narrowly oblong, others somewhat incised or lobed at the base. Bidens triplinervia var. 7. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 383. 1925. PI. CXXVI, figs, a-i and l-v, and PI. CXXVIII, figs. j-p. Bidens Crithmifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 183 (234). 1820. Bidens Delphinifolia H.B.K. loc. cit. Bidens humilis H.B.K. op. cit. 184 (234). (Non Sess<* & Moc.) Bidens glaberrima DC. Prodr. 5: 601. 1836. Bidens Artemisiaefolia Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 49. 1845. Bidens consolidaefolia Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 24: 185. 1851; Ann. Bot. Syst. 5: 225. 1858. Bidens humilis var. macrantha Weddell, Chlor. And. 1: 69. 1856. Bidens humilis var. major Schz. Bip. Linnaea 34: 528. 1865-1866 (pro parte, ex num. 52 plantarum Mandonis; nomen subnudum). Bidens pectinata Schz. Bip. loc. cit. (ex num. 50 plantarum Mandonis; nomen subnudum). Bidens decomposita Wall. var. hirsutior C. B. Clarke, Compos. Ind. 141. 1876. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLVIII BIDENS ROBUSTIOR S. L. Moore THE GENUS BIDENS 511 Bidens humilis var. tenuifolia Schz. Bip. ex Griseb. Symb. Fl. Arg. 198. 1879 (ex syn. B. humilis var. macrantha et num. 52 et pro parte 46 plantarum Mandonis). Bidens pilosa var. discodea Schz. Bip. em. 6. decomposita f. hirsutior 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 1: 322. 1891. Bidens grandiflora Balb. var. humilis (H.B.K.) 0. Ktze. op. cit. 3, pt. 2: 136. 1898 (ex syn. H.B.K.). Bidens attenuata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 61 : 495. 1916. Folia (raro nonnulla tripartita foliolis lanceolatis ovato-lan^ ceolatisve, serratis vel pectinatim inciso-dentatis) variabiliter pin- nato-quinquepartita, bipinnata vel etiam tripinnata, segmentis ultimis linearibus 0.5-3 mm. latis; capitulis normaliter 5- vel 6- radiatis. Type specimen: Collected by William Jameson, No. 55, at altitude of 3,900 meters, on rocks, flowering almost the entire year, Mount Pichincha, Ecuador, January 21, 1856. l Distribution: From northern Chile and central Argentina north- ward along the Andes to Colombia, thence eastward into Venezuela; also in Guatemala and widely scattered throughout southern Mexico, reaching as far north as the states of Vera Cruz and San Luis Potosi; established as a common weed in the Nilgeri (Nilgiri) Hills region of southwestern British East India. Specimens examined: Ed. Andre 3952, alt. 4,600 meters, Mt. Chimborazo, Ecuador, July 7, 1876 (Gray) ; Virl. d'Aoust 447, 496, and 605, "Province of San Luis," Mexico, 1851 (Par.); George Bar- day 2290, wet loam, Puruchucos (Purrochuca), Peru, June, 1838 (Brit.) ; Barnes, Chamberlain, & Land 5 pro parte, along railway below Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, Mexico, September 8, 1906 (Field, cum var. molli lecta); R. H. Beddome 4510, alt. 2,250 meters, Ooty, India (Brit.); idem 4511, a common weed, Nilgiri Hills, India, communic. 1885 (Brit.); A. G. & Lady Bourne 4594, hedges around Ootaca- mund, Nilgiri Hills, India, June 8, 1904 (Kew); iidem 4594A, 4594B, 4594C, banks around Ootacamund, July 6, 1904 (Kew: A, foliis mul- tum divisis et foliolis tenuibus;B, foliis 3-5-partitis; C, foliis nunc 3-5- partitis nunc valdius decompositis) ; Otto Buchtien, alt. 3,200 meters, Unduavi, Bolivia, February, 1914 (Field); C. B. Clarke 11207, a common weed, alt. 2,250 meters, Ooty, Nilgiri Hills, India, March 1 The type herbarium is not cited. Good specimens of this number are in the Delessert and Kew herbaria. Each of their several flowering heads has five rays. A third specimen examined (Brit.) has one head 7-rayed but otherwise matches precisely. 512 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 23, 1870 (Kew; type of Bidens decomposita var. hirsutior C. B. Clarke); 0. F. Cook & G. B. Gilbert 409, alt. about 3,000 meters, Ollantaitambo, Peru, April 27, 1915 (U.S.); Thomas Coulter 381, Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico (Kew); J. P. Couthouy, Andes, Ecuador, 1855 (Gray; Phila.); Ernie Cuming, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, 1859 (Del., 2 sheets; Par., 2 sheets); idem 53, eodem loco et tempore (Del. ; Par. ; forma olim pro specie B, attenuate, mihi habita) ; Davis, Peru (Mus. V.); Dinelli, alt. 1800 meters, Distr. Monteros, Prov. Tucuman, Argentina, May, 1906 (Brit.); S. Echegaray, Leon- cito, Prov. San Juan, Argentina, January, 1876 (Berl.) ; Carl Ehr en- berg 437 pro parte, Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico (Berl., 2 sheets) ; K. Fiebrig 3474, on roads, among rocks, Tucumilla near Tarija, Bolivia, January 15, 1904 (Berl.); Fraser, Ecuador (Del.); Funck & Schlim 1152, alt. 2,850 meters, Sierra Nevada, Prov. MeYida (State of Losandes), Venezuela, September, 1846 (Boiss.; Petrop.); C. Galander, Quebrada de los Condoritos, Sierra Achala, Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, March 26, 1881 (Berl.); idem, Casa de Piedra near Hues- tita, Prov. San Luis, Argentina, March 11, 1882 (Berl.) ; H. Galeotti 2021, alt. 1,800-2,100 meters, fields, Cordillera, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, January- April, 1840 (Del., atypica; Par.); idem 2067, alt. 2,700 meters, damp woods, eodem loco, September, 1840 (Kew); idem 2169, alt. 2,700-3,000 meters, Mt. Orizaba, Mexico, 1840 (Del. ; Kew) ; August Ghiesbreght, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, October, 1842 (Del.; Par.); idem 85, Chiapas, Mexico (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.; type material of Bidens attenuata Sherff) ; idem 533, in the cold region, mountains, Chiapas, etc., Mexico, August-October, 1864-1870 (Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Mo. ; formae) ; idem 534, in pine forests, Chiapas, etc., Mexico, October-November, 1864-1870 (Gray); R. Hauthal 223, alt. 3,500-4,000 meters, lower valley at Chuquiaguillo, to east of La Paz, Bolivia, 1905-1906 (Berl.); idem 273, alt. 3,600-4,800 meters, La Paz, January, 1906 (Berl.); idem 333, alt. about 3,600 meters, eodem loco, 1906 (Berl.) ; idem 381, alt. 3,700 meters, Chuquia- guillo near La Paz, Bolivia, February, 1906 (Berl.); G. Hieronymus, vicinity of the Hill of Arjel, Sierra Achala, Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, January 13-15, 1876 (Berl.); idem, Hill of the Sala Grande, Sierra Achala, February 13, 1876 (Berl.); idem, slopes of the Hill of the Potrerillos, Sierra Achala, February 1, 1877 (Berl.); idem 465, at Las Ramadas (caves) near San Miguel, Sierra Achala, March 14, 1876 (Berl.; contra diarrhoeam vel dysentariam incolis accepta); idem & G. Niederlein 762, near foot of hill above Vallecito, Sierra Famatina, Prov. La Rioja, Argentina, January 16-20, 1879 (Berl., THE GENUS BIDENS 513 3 sheets); 7. F. Holton 368, Bogota, Colombia, November 6, 1852 (Kew); Humboldt & Bonpland, alt. 2,880 meters, at base of Mt. Cotopaxi, near Mulalo, Ecuador, May, 1799-1803 (Par.; type of Bidens humilis H.B.K.); iidem, near Quito, Ecuador, 1799-1803 (Par., 2 sheets; type and cotype of Bidens Crithmifolia H.B.K.); iidem, Quito, Ecuador (Par., 2 sheets; type material of Bidens Del- phinifolia H.B.K.); Alfredo John 23, alt. 3,000-3,200 meters, State of Trujillo, Venezuela, October 2, 1910 (Berl.; U.S.); William Jame- son, Ecuador (Mus. V.) ; idem 47, flowering the entire year, environs of Quito, Ecuador (N.Y.); idem 55 (type material, Brit.; Del.; Kew); idem 61, Andes, Quito (Brit.); idem 693, very common, environs of Quito, 1848 (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; Petrop.; type material of Bidens consolidaefolia Turcz.); C. de Jelski 653, Callacate, Peru, May, 1879 (Berl.) ; 7. M. Johnston 5328, rocky ridge at upper edge of fertile belt, Aguada de Miguel Diaz, Dept. Taltal, Prov. Antofagasta, Chile, December 1-4, 1925 (Gray); idem 5442, common locally on cliffs and talus, vicinity of spring, Aguada del Panul, Dept. Taltal, Prov. Antofagasta, December 4, 1925 (Gray); W. Kalbreyer 714, alt. 3,150-3,300 meters, Sierra Pelada, Dept. Santander, Colombia, August 30, 1878 (Berl.); E. P. Killip 6751, alt. 2,900-3,100 meters, field near Anambiu, "Canaan," Mt. Purace", Dept. El Cauca, Colom- bia, June 11-16, 1922 (Gray; Kew; N.Y.; forma foliis var. molli adpropinquans) ; idem & A. C. Smith 18212, alt. 3,500-3,700 meters, Paramo de los Puentes, above La Baja, Dept. Santander, Colombia, January 25, 1927 (N.Y.); Otto Kuntze, alt. 3,000 meters, Bolivia, April 13-21, 1892 (Berl.); idem, alt. 4,200 meters, vicinity of Ovuro and Tapacari, Bolivia, 1892 (N.Y.; sub nom. Bidente grandiflora var. humili) ; F. C. Lehmann 189, alt. 2,500-3,000 meters, near Calicali and Quito, Ecuador, December 1, 1880 (Boiss.); idem 190, alt. 2,800- 3,000 meters, Calicali near Quito, eodem tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew) ; idem 442, alt. up to 3,600 meters, near Quito, November, 1880 (Boiss.; Mus. V.); Uebmann 93 (Hort. Hafn. 648), alt. 3,000 meters, Mt. Orizaba, Mexico (Gray) ; J. J. Linden 491, alt. 450-2,910 meters, foot of Mt. Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, August, 1838 (Del., 2 sheets; Kew); idem 737, alt. 3,300 meters, Paramo de las Cruces, Prov. Pamplona, Colombia, November, 1842 (Brit.; Del.; Mus. V.); P. G.Lorentz 686, Ascochinga, Argentina (Berl.); idem & G. Hierony- mus 147, Los Potreros, Argentina, March 24, 1873 (Berl.); J. F. Macbride 3182 and 3183, alt. about 2,100 meters, steep, stony slopes, Ambo, Peru, April 5, 1923 (Field); idem 3263, sunny, stony, grassy hillsides, Mito, Peru, April 8-18, 1923 (Field) ; idem 3345 and 3347, 514 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI alt. 2,700 meters, grassy hillsides, eodem loco et tempore (Field); idem 3467, 3469, 3470, and 3471, grassy slopes, alt. about 2,550 meters, Cani, northeast of Mito, Peru, April 16-26, 1923 (Field); idem 3501 and 3502, alt. about 2,100 meters, loose-stony slopes, Huanuco, Peru, April 26, 1923 (Field) ; idem 4363, alt. about 3,900 meters, sprawling on mossy, rocky, open uplands, Tambo de Vaca, Peru, June 10-24, 1923 (Field); G. Mandon 45 (pro parte), alt. 3,200 meters, between Mt. Pocara and Habaya, Prov. Larecaja, Bolivia, February, 1859 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Kew; Par.; Mus. V., 2 sheets) ; idem 46 pro parte, alt. 2,800 meters, slopes of hills, unculti- vated places, etc., Sorata, Bolivia, March, 1859 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Gray; Mus. V., 2 sheets; Petrop., 3 sheets; cum var. molli, etc., lecta) ; idem 50 pro parte, alt. 3,900 meters, near Ancouma, Bolivia, April, 1860 (ex herb. Schz. Bip. in Par., type ofBidens pectinata Schz. Bip., nom. subnudum: cotypes, Gray; N.Y.; Par.); idem 51, alt. 4,000 meters, in rocky places, Mt. Avichaca, near Achacache, Bolivia, January, 1859 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del.); idem (similiter) 51, alt. 3,300 meters, on slopes of hills, near Choquecoa, Bolivia, February 5, 1859 (Boiss.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V.); idem 52 pro parte, alt. 2,650- 3,300 meters, along road to Lacatia, Bolivia, February-March, 1860 (Gray; N.Y.; cum var. molli lecta); idem (similiter) 52, alt. 2,800 meters, slopes of hills, Sorata, Bolivia, May, 1860 (Berl.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Mus. V.; N.Y.; type material of Bidens humilis var. major Schz. Bip., nom. subnudum); W. R. Maxon 5359, alt. 3,025- 3,374 meters, rocky, open slope, upper belt and summit of Chiriqui Volcano, Panama, March 12, 1911 (U.S.); John Miers 886, Achiras, Argentina (Kew); Moritz 1401, Colombia, October-November (Berl.; Boiss.; Kew; nomen incolarum, flor amarilla); Fred. Muller 218, Mt. Orizaba, Mexico, August, 1853 (Mus. V.; N.Y.; Petrop.); E. W. Nelson 1796, alt. 2,010-3,000 meters, near Reyes, Oaxaca, Mexico, Oct. 20, 1894 (U.S.); W. H.Osgood & M. P. Anderson 88, Celendin, Peru, May 2, 1912 (Field); Edward Palmer 158 p.p. and 1586is, Alvarez, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, September 28-October 3, 1902 (Calif.; Field); idem 1117, San Luis Potosi to Tampico, Mexico, December, 1878-February, 1879 (Field; Phila., 2 sheets; U.S.); ex herb. Pavonii e seminibus peruvianis et sine multo dubio culta (Boiss., sub nom. Bidente magniflora} ; R. Pearce, alt. 3,600 meters, Andes, Ecuador (Kew) ; F. W. Pennell 2142, alt. 2,600-2,700 meters, field on plain, southwest of Las Cruces, Bogota, Colombia, Sep- tember 24-25, 1917 (Mo.; N.Y.); idem 2405, alt. 2,800-2,900 meters, bank, edge of woods above El Penon, southwest of Sibate, Dept. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLIX B1DENS UGANDENSIS (S. L. Moore) Sherff OF THt OP IliiNOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 515 Cundinamarca, Colombia, October 13, 1917 (N.Y.); idem 13361 and 13361a, alt. 3,000-4,000 meters, rocky, clay slope over limestone, Chuquibambilla, Dept. Puno, Peru, April 19-21, 1925 (BerL; Field); idem 13881, alt. 3,800-3,900 meters, open, grassy paramo, Paso de Tres Cruces, Cerro de Cusilluyoc, Dept. Cuzco, Peru, May 3, 1925 (Field) ; K. Pflanz 107, alt. 4,000 meters, Palca, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia, April, 1909 (BerL); idem 204, alt. 4,300 meters, eodem loco, February, 1908 (BerL); idem 403, alt. 3,650 meters, eodem loco, March 6, 1910 (BerL); H. Pittier 1337, alt. 2,500-3,000 meters, char- acteristic of upper forest zone and of lower paramo, Las Escalere- tas, Moras Valley, Rio Paez Basin, Tierra Adentro, Dept. Cauca, Colombia, February, 1906 (Field; U.S.); idem 3087, alt. 3,000-3,374 meters, dry, sunny places, upper belt, northern slope of Chiriqui Volcano, Panama, March 10-13, 1911 (Gray; M.}',Eduard Poeppig 1376, open, herb-grown, mountainous places at Casapi, Peru, Sep- tember, 1829 (Mus. V.); idem 1378, open, warm, mountainous places, Casapi, eodem tempore (Mus. V.: Oxf.; type material of Bidens Artemisiaefolia Poepp. & EndL); idem (similiter) 1378, Cochero, Peru, 1829 (Mus. V.); P. Preuss 1417, alt. 2,000 meters, between Perote, Vera Cruz, and Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico, May 13, 1900 (BerL); G. H. Pring 97, Sabana de Bogota, Colombia, May, 1923 (Mo.) ; C. G. Pringle 4915, alt. 3,090 meters, Sierra de San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico, September 26, 1894 (BerL; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Cam.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; Phila.; U.V.); idem 7924, alt. 3,000 meters, Sierra de Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, October 6, 1899 (BerL; Mo.); C. A. Purpus 1548 pro parte, rocky soil above timber line, Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, Mexico, October, 1905 (Mo. ; cum var. molli lecta) ; idem 2637, moist, shaded soil, Alta Luz, Puebla, Mexico, August, 1907 (BerL; Calif.); idem 4135, alt. 2,100- 2,400 meters, oak forests, Coxcatlan, Puebla, September, 1909 (Calif.); idem 5089 pro parte, El Chico, Hidalgo, Mexico, September, 1905 (Calif.; cum specie ipsa lecta); idem 5620, Esperanza, Puebla, Mexico, September, 1911 (Calif.); Rivet 134, 147, and 156, Rio- bamba, Ecuador, August, 1901 (Par.); idem 209, Quito, Ecuador, October, 1902 (Par.); idem 373, Bella Vista, Ecuador, February, 1903 (Par.); idem 654, Ecuador, August, 1904 (Par.); idem 756, Niarihuinia, Ecuador, December, 1904 (Par.); J. N. Rose & R. Hay 6039 pro parte, Mt. Popocatapetl, Mexico, August 7-8, 1901 (U.S.; cum specie ipsa lecta) ; J. N. Rose & J. H. Painter 7949 pro parte, Nevada de Toluca, State of Mexico, October 15, 1903 (U.S., cum var. molli lectum); H. Ross 501, alt. about 1,200 meters, on arid 516 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI hills, Zapotlan, Jalisco, Mexico, August, 1906 (Mun.); H.H.Rusby 1685, alt. 3,000 meters, near La Paz, Bolivia, October, 1885 (Kew) ; idem 2129, eodem loco, April, 1885 (N.Y.); Sattt, Villa Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico (Brit.; Kew; forma quam olim pro Bidente attenuate, habui); Osbert Salvin, alt. 3,000-3,450 meters, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, November 17, 1873 (Kew); Scherzer, alt. 3,000-3,810 meters, fir region near crater, Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala, August, 1854 (Mus. V.); Schiede, near Angangueo, Michoacan, Mexico, October (Berl.); idem 342, summit of mountain, Mexico, August, 1830 (Berl., 2 sheets) ; L. Schlim 4066, alt. 2,700 meters, Prov. Pamplona (North Santander), Colombia, January, 1846-1852 (Boiss.; Del., 2 sheets) ; Berthold Seemann 669, Loja, Ecuador, August, 1847 (Kew) ; Eduard Seler 123, La Paz, Bolivia, June 23, 1910 (Berl.); idem & Caecilie Seler 2376, alt. 3,000 meters, Totonicapam, Dept. Quezal- tenango, Guatemala, September 25, 1896 (Berl.; N.Y.); iidem 3021, alt. 3,000 meters, ridge of the Cordillera between Todos los Santos and Chiantla, Dept. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 11, 1896 (Berl.); W. C. Shannon 3691, alt. 3,720 meters, summit of Volcan de Acatenango, Dept. Zacatepe"quez, Guatemala, August, 1892 (Field); C.L. Smith 300, alt. 3,000 meters, Sierra de San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico, September, 1894 (Mo.; N.Y.); (H. H. Smith 1980, formerly referred here, is seen to be var. nematoidea;) A. Sodiro 2313, Ecuador (Berl.); idem 4311, in sandy places, Andes (Berl.); idem 4312, sandy places among Andes, Pomasqui, etc., Ecuador (Berl.); R. Spruce 5048, Tunguragua, Ecuador, 1857-1859 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V., 2 sheets); idem 5049, Andes, Ecuador, 1857-1859 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Kew, 2 sheets; Petrop.; U.V.); idem 5894, common in fields, along walls, etc., through the Cordillera of Quito, Ecuador, December, 1858 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Par.; Petrop.); R. J. Stordy, hills above Abancai, Peru (Kew, 2 sheets); idem, alt. 3,280 meters, Valley of Anta, Cuzco, Peru (Kew); A. Stiibel 12, alt. 3,600 meters, Paramo del Cerro Ungui, Ecuador, March, 1870 (Berl., 2 sheets) ; idem 436 p.p., Tambo, Peru, April-June, 1875 (Berl.); idem 536, Cerro Colacachi, Cuicacha, Prov. Imbabura, Ecuador, November-December, 1870 (Berl.); idem 676, alt. 4,000 meters, Cerro Imbabura, Ecuador, March, 1870 (Berl.); idem 102c, road to La Pena, Bogota, Colombia, April-May, 1868 (Berl.) ; idem 143 pro parte, alt. 2,100-2,300 meters, dry soil, Loma de Canaballa and environs, Prov. Imbabura, Ecuador, Janu- ary-February, 1871 (Berl.; nom. vulg., nacha); idem 254, sandy soil, Riobamba and environs, Ecuador, 1872 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 298a, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLX BIDENS CINEREA Sherff OF THt DIVERSITY DF THE GENUS BIDENS 517 Pucara de Chisalo, Ecuador, January-March, 1874 (Berl.) ; idem 338a, alt. 3,800 meters, Paramo de Sotara, Colombia, June, 1869 (Berl.); Thomson, Nilgiri Hills, India, December, 1871 (Kew) ; C. H. T. Town- send A213 and A214, alt. 2,400-2,850 meters, opposite Huancabamba, Western Cordillera, Peru, Sept. 26, 1911 (Field) ; idem 1519, Oroya, Peru, May 7, 1914 (U.S.); J. J. Triana 1369 p.p., alt. 2,600 meters, Soacha, Prov. Bogota, Colombia, 1851-1857 (Par., 2 sheets); idem 1374 pro parte, alt. 2,700 meters, Suasco, Prov. Bogota, Colombia (Brit.; Kew; Par.; cum var. hirtella lecta); idem 1375 pro parte, Bogota, Colombia (Brit. ; cum specie ipsa lecta) ; Uhde 622, Mexico (Berl.); U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Andes, Peru, 1838-1842 (Gray); Warburg 419, Nilgiri Hills, India (Berl.); War- szewicz 38, Chimborazo Cordillera, Ecuador (Berl.); G. Watt 2160, alt. up to 900 meters, Metapollium, Nilgiri Hills, India, June, 1876 (Kew); (Weberbauer 435, formerly placed here, is better considered as f. octoradiata;}; idem 5613, alt. 2,400-2,500 meters, Dept. Ayacucho, Prov. Huanta, Peru, June 1, 1910 (Berl.); idem 7617, Mantaro Valley, near La Mejorada, Dept. Huancavelica, Prov. Tayacaja, Peru, March 21, 1926 (Field); Edward Whymper, alt. 4,650-4,950 meters, south side of Mt. Chimborazo, Ecuador, January 4, 1880 (Brit.); idem, alt. 3,900-4,200 meters, north and northeast sides, eodem loco, January 7, 1880 (Brit.); Von Winkler 214, Quito, Ecuador (Petrop.). As stated in an earlier paper (Bot. Gaz. 61: 500. 1916), the two type specimens from which Kunth described B. Crithmifolia and B. Delphinifolia are still extant in good condition (Par.). Both are from Ecuador l and differ only in the slightly diverse foliage. The immature type of B. Crithmifolia is matched exactly by J. J. Triana 1374 pro parte (Par.), a specimen collected near Bogota, Colombia, which is superior in showing not only flowering heads but also numerous achenes. These achenes are mainly 2-aristate, but some are 3-aris- tate and so agree perfectly with achenes of B. Delphinifolia. 2 Fortu- nately, I have found another specimen by Triana of the same number in the British Museum of Natural History, and this shows the slightly different foliage of B. Delphinifolia, for which it might well be taken to represent a supplementary type. 1 Kunth (loc. cit.) expressed uncertainty as to the locality whence B. Del- phinifolia had come, but Bonpland's duplicate specimen (Par.) has the original label marked "XI Quito." 2 It is interesting to note that the mature head on the type of B. Delphinifolia has at least one achene that is 2-aristate, showing no indication of a third awn's ever having been present (cf. H.B.K. loc. cit., "triaristata"). 518 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI There is great variation in foliage. Triana 1375 (Brit.) shows one plant with leaves tripartite, the leaflets being incisely dentate, and another plant with the simple, ovate-lanceolate leaves of B. tri- plinervia proper. In fact, the sheet of Triana 1374 in Paris bears another specimen (besides that cited above) which has similarly simple, ovate-lanceolate leaves; and still another specimen of Triana 1374 at Paris has the slender, undivided leaves of var. hirtella. Evidently Triana did not differentiate in the field between the two types of simple leaves or between these and the finely divided ones. In 1914, on comparing the simple-leaved spontaneous state (Triana 1374 pro parte and 1375 pro parte, also Goudot, ditches, Fontibon, February 20, 1844) with the mature B. affinis and imma- ture B. triplinervia material, I was impressed with their similarity. I searched, but in vain, for any authentic material of B. affinis mani- festing the divided leaves so much more common than undivided ones on B. Crithmifolia. Later, I was permitted, through the kindness of Dr. Alex. Zahlbruckner to study the large set of Bidens specimens in the Natural History Museum of Vienna and found three more sheets of the original B. affinis material. These display numerous gradations from the typical undivided, lanceolate leaves of B. affinis to the bipinnate leaves characteristic of B. Crithmifolia. The plants are a little larger, but this doubtless was due to cultivation. The floral and achenial characters are identical. The plants with decompound foliage (B. Crithmifolia, B. Delphinifolia, etc.) are, therefore (cf. Bot. Gaz. 76: 156. 1923), not more than varietally distinct from B. affinis Kl. & 0. and, hence, from its equivalent, B. triplinervia H.B.K. Because of the great rarity of the form with undivided, ovate- lanceolate leaves (B. triplinervia proper) and the evolutionary detachment from this simple-leaved form that the various forms with divided leaves manifest to-day, it seems wisest to associate without distinction all the cut-leaved forms, except vars. mollis and nema- toidea, under the earliest varietal name, var. macrantha. Accordingly, this has been done in the present treatment. B. humilis H.B.K., the type of which also came from Ecuador, is not varietally distinct from B. Crithmifolia and therefore reduces, likewise, to var. macrantha (cf. Weddell, Chlor. And. 1: 69. 1855: "Le B. Crithmifolia H.B.K. et le B. delphinifolia H.B.K. sont tres voisins de cette espece B. humilis, dont ils ne sont meme peut-etre que des formes a feuilles moins divise"es, et a lanieres plus allonge"es"; Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLXI e f a c b BIDENS CROCEA Welw. ex O. Hoffm. (figs, a-g); var. VERRUCIFERA S. L. Moore (fig. h) of THE GENUS BIDENS 519 also Jameson, Syn. PL Aequator. 2: 117. 1865: "a B. crithmifolia et B. delphinifolia vix distincta videtur."). B. consolidaefolia, described by Turczaninow from Jameson 693, collected at Quito, is a form with finely divided, very pubescent leaves (cf. Turcz. Ann. Bot. Syst. 5: 225. 1858: "Accedit ad definitionem B. humilis H.B.K. sed ligulae duplo majores, achaenia minime scabra et forte laciniae folior. angustiores."). B. decomposita var. hirsutior was described by Clarke (cf. Bot. Gaz. 61: 500. 1916) from a single specimen collected by him at an altitude of over 2,200 meters, in the Nilgiri Mountains of British East India. Later he informed J. D. Hooker (cf. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 310. 1881) that he supposed it to be some cultivated plant. Hooker admits having seen no specimen of it, but it happens that Clarke's original specimen ("11207. . . 23 March 1870 . . . coll. C. B. Clarke.") was sent to Kew Herbarium in 1877 and is still there in good condition. The plant is very different from Bidens decomposita Wall., but its villous, finely divided leaves match fairly well Jameson 693, the type collection of B. consolidaefolia Turcz. It matches also a number of other South American specimens of B. triplinervia var. macrantha. In the same region of India Dr. Watt collected material (Watt 2160) that agrees with Clarke's specimen except that it is minutely pubes- cent as to leaves and glabrous as to stems. Still more specimens from this region occur (e.g., Thomson, Eclipse Exped., Nilgiri Hills, December, 1871, determined on sheet as "Bidens humilis H.B.K.," in Kew; and R. H. Beddome 4511, "introd.? a common weed," Nilgiri Hills, in Brit.), some of them glabrous and some pubescent but all indistinguishable from B. triplinervia var. macrantha. A study of these specimens, all collected in the same region at about the same time, and by two of the collectors suspected of being introduced, shows beyond doubt that they were merely forms of B. triplinervia var. macrantha carried, perhaps in ballast, from South America to the southwest shores of British East India. 1 At times, dwarfed, immature forms of B. andicola H.B.K. decep- tively resemble the var. macrantha and thus frequently have been confused with it in herbaria. B. serrulata (Poir.) Desf. (B. grandi- flora Balb.) appears really distinct from var. macrantha, despite the implication of Dr. Otto Kuntze's name B. grandiflora var. humilis (cf. 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 139. 1911: "Sine dubio pleraque specimina ab 0. Kuntze I.e. commemorata ad species 1 Cf. Fyson (Fl. Nilgiri and Pulney Hill-tops above 6500 feet 1: 237. 1915), who, though omitting historical details, lists B. humilis from South America as an introduction into the Nilgiri Hill region. 520 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI propinquas pertinent," a criticism justified also by Kuntze's incor- rect association of Clarke's var. hirsutior with B. pilosa L. Kuntze's combination derived, perhaps, from the fact that in certain localities of Mexico (e.g., Mt. Orizaba and Sierra de Pachuca) a few plants of var. macrantha (i.e., of B. humilis H.B.K.) are found with a more robust growth habit, suggesting somewhat that of B. serrulata (Poir.) Desf. (i.e., of B. grandiflora Balb.). The several original specimens of B. Artemisiaefolia Poepp. & Endl. still extant (Mus. V.; Berl.) are the form of var. macrantha with tomentose pubescence and 2-3-pinnatifid leaves. They match rather closely the original material of B. decomposita var. hirsutior and B. consolidaefolia. They were collected by Poeppig, No. 1378, in "Peruvia subandina. In montibus apertis calidis ad Cassapi. Septbr. 1829." Bidens triplinervia var. 7. macrantha f. 1. octoradiata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92: 203. 1931. E var. macrantha capitulis regulariter 8-radiatis differt. Type specimen: Collected by K. Pflanz, No. 406 pro parte, at altitude of 3,550 meters, on schist slope, Chullo, Palca, La Paz, Bolivia, March 13, 1910 (Berl.). Distribution: Argentina to Guatemala. Specimens examined: R. Hauthal 273, alt. 3,600-4,800 meters, La Paz, Bolivia, January, 1906 (Berl.); F. L. Herrera 1828, alt. 3,500 meters, Hacienda Chum, Valle del Paucartambo, Peru, Febru- ary, 1928 (Berl.); Pflanz 406 p.p. (type, Berl.); A. Mathews 571, Peru, April (Gray); Eduard Seler, Sierra Chica, Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, April 1, 1910 (Gray); idem & Caecilie Seler 3021, alt. 3,000 meters, Cordillera between Todos los Santos and Chiantla, Guatemala, September 11, 1896 (Berl.); A. Stubel 436 p.p., Peru, April- June, 1875 (Berl.); A. Weberbauer 435, alt. 3,700 meters, Peru, February 24-25, 1902 (Berl.). Bidens triplinervia var. 5. mollis (Poepp. & Endl.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 384, pi. 22, figs. a-i. 1925. PI. CXXVIII, figs. a-i. Bidens mollis Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 49. 1845. Folia tripartita, saepius molliter pubescenti-villosa, saepe sub- canescentia, foliolis serratis, lateralibus plerumque ovatis, abrupte in basim sessilem contractis, terminali majore, oblongo-ovato vel rhomboideo-ovato. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLXII b h BIDENS FLABELLATA O. Hoffm. OF IP THE GENUS BIDENS 521 Type specimen: Collected byEduard Poeppig, No. 1377, in open, warm places, calcareous mountains at Casapi (sub- Andean region), Peru, September, 1829 (Mus. V.). Distribution: From Bolivia and Peru northward along the Andes into Colombia; common in Guatemala; northwestward through the eastern part of Mexico as far as the State of San Luis Potosi and southwestern Chihuahua. Specimens examined: Anon, (communic. H. Broughton-Leigh), alt. 4,500 meters, Mt. Popocatapetl, Mexico (Kew) ; Barnes, Chamber- lain, & Land 5 pro parte, along railroad below Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, Mexico, September 8, 1906 (Field ; cum var. macrantha lecta) ; Gust. Bernoulli 155, dry place, Calvario, Guatemala, November, 1865 (Berl.; Del.; Kew); /. W. Clokey 1854, bank of stream, Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, October 1, 1910 (Mo.); Thomas Coulter 392, Mexico (Gray, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y., forma plus minusve gla- brata); C. Ehrenberg 437 pro parte, Mineral del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, September-November (Berl.); idem 439, Regla, Hidalgo (Berl.); Rosalia Gomez 1073, alt. 1,950 meters, Santiago, Dept. Zacatepe'quez, Guatemala, 1891 (Gray; Kew); Heyde & Lux 4503, alt. 1,650 meters, Embaulada, Dept. Zacatepe'quez, Guatemala, December, 1889 (Field; Gray; Kew); E. W. D. & Mary M. Holway 575, Sorata, Bolivia, April 26, 1920 (Gray) ; Humboldt & Bonpland 3322, in forests (Berl.); W. A. Kellerman 4396, Volcan de Agua, Dept. Zacatepe'quez, Guatemala, February 18, 1905 (U.S.) ; F. C. Lehmann 357, alt. 2,000 meters, edges of woods and open forest places, Tunguragua River, Ecuador, October 31, 1879 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew); idem 433, alt. 2,000 meters, arid valley of Bafios on Tun- guragua River, Ecuador, December 13, 1880 (Berl.: Boiss.; Gray); idem 1608, abundant at 2,000 meters, damp places, San Marcos, Guatemala, June 17, 1884 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; forma 6 dm. alta, foliolis 3-5 cm. longis); idem 2835, alt. 2,600-3,000 meters, above Pais Camba on the Sotora, Cauca, Colombia, May 6, 1883 (Berl. ; Boiss. ; Gray) ; idem 3511, alt. 2,650 meters, Cauca, Colombia, February 1, 1884 (Brit.); idem 5977, alt. 2,500-2,800 meters, Alto de Pesares, above Popayan, Colombia (Kew; N.Y.); Liebmann 645, alt. 3,000 meters, Orizaba, Mexico (U.S.); G. Mandon 43, alt. 2,650- 3,200 meters, everywhere in dry places, rocky places, uncultivated places, etc., Sorata, Bolivia, February-May, 1859 (Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Gray; Mus. V.; N.Y.); idem (similiter) 43, alt. 2,600-2,700 meters, hilly slopes, etc., Espada Munaypata, San Pedro, Bolivia, March, 1859 (Del., 2 sheets); idem 46 pro parte, alt. 2,800 meters, 522 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI slopes of hills, uncultivated places, etc., Sorata, Bolivia, March, 1859 (Boiss.; cum var. macrantha lecta); A. Mathews, Prov. Chacha- poyas, Peru, communic. 1846 (Del., 2 sheets; Kew; forma multis vel omnibus achaeniis exaristatis) ; Edward Palmer 158 p.p., Alvarez, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, September 28-October 3, 1902 (Calif.; Cam.; Field) ; idem 358, southwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, August-Novem- ber, 1885 (U.S.) ; idem 2062, Sierra Madre, Coahuila, Mexico, Febru- ary-October, 1880 (Gray; Kew; forma); Poeppig 1377 (type, Mus. V.) ; C. A. Purpus 1547, alt. 2,700-3,000 meters, open woods, Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, Mexico, November, 1905 (U.S.); idem 1548 pro parte, rocky soil above timber line, eodem loco, October, 1905 (Calif.; Field ; Mo. ; cum var. macrantha lecta) ; J. N. Rose & J. H. Painter 6666, between Pachuca and Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, August 31, 1903 (U.S.); iidem 7949 pro parte, Nevada de Toluca, State of Mexico, October 15, 1903 (U.S. ; cum var. macrantha lecta) ; iidem & J. S. Rose 9184, between Somoriel and Las Lajas, Hidalgo, Mexico, August 5, 1905 (Gray; U.S. ; forma var. macranthae adpropin- quans) ; Osbert Salvin, alt. 1,800 meters, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, October 20, 1873-1874 (Kew); idem & Godman 74, Calderas, Guate- mala, 1861 (Kew) ; R. Spruce 5047, foot of Mt. Tunguragua, Ecuador, 1857-1859 (Boiss. ; Brit. ; Cop. ; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V. ; Par.; Petrop.); Thomson, Nilgiri Hills, India, December, 1871 (Kew; forma valde glabra); H. Von Tuerckheim 1179, alt. 1,500 meters, Santa Rosa, Dept. BajaVerapaz, Guatemala, April, 1887 (Gray; Kew). The type of Bidens mollis Poepp. & Endl., Poeppig 1377, was found growing with the type material of B. Artemisiaefolia (referred above to B. triplinervia var. macrantha). Its achenes were immature and the leaves tripartite. In pubescence, floral characters, and general habit it was similar to the B. Artemisiaefolia specimens. The peculiar outline of the leaf divisions, however, would seem at first to suggest B. andicola more strongly. Spruce 5047 matches the B. mollis type very closely. Spruce 5049 (Brit.) and 5894 (Gray) match Spruce 5047 minutely except that they show the leaves finely divided, as in B. Artemisiaefolia. These and other similar consid- erations show beyond all doubt that B. mollis belongs to B. tripli- nervia, is merely a foliage form, and, as such, should be accorded no higher than varietal rank. Bidens triplinervia var. e. nematoidea Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 287. 1929. A specie foliis numerosissimis et pinnatis vel bipinnatis, seg- mentis capillaribus plerumque tantum circ. 0.3-0.6 mm. latis differt. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLXIII BIDENS BAUMII (O. Hoffm.) Sherff Of UNIVERSITY Of THE GENUS BIDENS 523 Type specimen: Collected by H. L. Viereck, No. 5, Cerro Que- mado, Santa Marta, Colombia, December 17, 1922 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from Province of Santa Marta, Colombia. Specimens examined : H. H. Smith 1980, rare on open lands, alt. 1,950-2,250 meters, San Lorenzo Ridge, January 26, 1899 (N.Y.); H. L. Viereck 5 (type, U.S.). In 1913 the Smith plant from Santa Marta was noted as a singular foliage form and photographs (my photograph No. 341) were distributed to several herbaria. Recently I have been sent the Viereck plant, collected in the same locality and revealing similar characters. On both specimens the segments of the very numerous and pinnately or more often bipinnately parted leaves are strikingly thread-like. Otherwise the plants are like those of the very common var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff. 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXVI Bidens triplinervia, figs, j, k: j, small portion of plant, X0.57; k, lower surface of portion of leaf in ;', X3.39; from J. Triana 1375 pro parte, in Hb. Brit. Bidens triplinervia var. macrantha, figs, a-i, l-v: a, p, flowering and fruiting branches (the strongly pubescent foliage of p left glabrous in the sketch), X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.52 (q, exterior involucral bract, X2.83); c, interior involucral bract, X4.52 (r, interior involucral bract, X2.83); d, ray corolla, X4.52 (s, ray floret, X2.83); e, palea, X4.52 (t, palea, X2.83); /, disc floret, X4.52 (u, disc floret, X2.83); g, achene, X3.39 (v, achene, X2.83); h, i, l-o, various leaves, X0.57; a-/, from Bonpland's private cotype of Bidens Delphinifolia H.B.K., in Hb. Par.; g, from Triana 1374, in Hb. Brit. ; h, i, from Humboldt and Bonpland,, Quito, Ecuador (type of Bidens Crithmifolia H.B.K.), in Hb. Par.; l-n, from Triana 1375 pro parte, in Hb. Brit.; o, from Dr. Thomson, Nilgiri, British East India, December, 1871, in Hb. Kew; p-v, from C. B. Clarke 11207 (type of Bidens decomposita var. hirsutior C. B. Clarke), in Hb. Kew. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXVII Bidens triplinervia var. hirtella: a, flowering branch, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X8.12; c, interior involucral bract, X8.12; d, ray corolla, X2.71; e, palea, X8.12;/, disc floret, X8.12; all from type. 1 The capitula are 5-rayed; the mature achaenia (6-8 mm. long) are exaristate (as sometimes happens in the var. macrantha too) and are somewhat surpassed by the paleae. Smith reported the plants as growing erect and up to 18 inches high. 524 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXVIII Bidens triplinervia var. macrantha, figs, j-p: j, cauline leaf (seen from beneath, leaflets mostly flattened out but petiole left convolute, its ciliation thus not showing), Xl.35; k, exterior involucral bract, X4.05; I, interior involucral bract, X4.05; m, ray corolla, X2.03; n, palea, X4.05; o, disc floret, X4.05; p, achene, X4.05; all from Ghiesbreght 85 pro parte, Chiapas, Mexico (type of Bidens attenuata Sherff). Bidens triplinervia var. mollis, figs, a-4: a, b, branches with leaves and flowers, X0.68; c, portion of leaf, enlarged to show pubescence, X2.7; d, exterior involucral bract, X4.05; e, interior involucral bract, X4.05;/, ray corolla, X2.03; g, palea, X4.05; h, disc floret, X4.05; i, achene, X4.05; a, 6, from Spruce 5047, in Hb. Mus. V. ; c-h, from type; i, from Spruce 5047, in Hb. Kew. 151. Bidens acrifolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 94: 591. 1933. Herba forsitan perennis, plus minusve glabrata, caulibus vel ramis gracilibus. Folia petiolata petiolis usque ad circ. 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia saltern 3-4 cm. longa, bipinnatisecta seg- mentis linearibus firmulis terminaliter subsensim ad apicem acer- rimum angustatis, 1-3 mm. latis; summa simplicia lineariaque vel unipinnata. Capitula solitaria tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 5 cm. longis ramum terminantibus, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.5 cm. lata et 8 mm. alta. Involucri plus minusve hispiduli bracteae exteriores circ. 12, lineares, acutae, 5-7 mm. longae, quam interiores ovato-oblongae paulo longiores. Flores ligulati 6, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblongi, circ. 1-1.4 cm. longi. Achaenia matura deficientia. Ovaria minima, plana, biaristata aristis tenuibus calvisque. Type: Collected by M. P. Dehesa, No. 1532, at altitude of 1,600 meters, Mala Noche, Concordia, State of Sinaloa, Mexico, Septem- ber (Kew). Distribution: Known only from type locality in State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Specimens examined: Dehesa 1532 (type, Kew; nom. vulg., pal- mi ta; unico rarrio viso). The general habit, so far as can be inferred from the single branch examined, is somewhat similar to that of Bidens Geraniifolia and B. triplinervia var. macrantha. The foliar segments are especially acute, however, and the unbarbed achenial aristae should render distinction easy. 'ield Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLXIV a f h BIDENS MOOREI Sherff (figs, a-g); var. VERRUCOSA Sherff (figs, h, i) Of THE GENUS BIDENS 525 152. Bidens insolita Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 607. 1936. Verisimiliter perennis suberectaque; caulibus gracilibus, angu- latis, glabratis, non nisi ad summam ramosis, 4 dm. altis. Folia petiolata petiolis planis convexo-concavisve sparsim setoso-ciliatis sub 2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1 dm. longa, bipinnati- secta; foliolis plerumque 5, saepe (segmentis linearibus apicaliter acerrimis membranaceis glaberrimis antrorsum spectantibus) sub- flabelliformibus. Capitula (4-8) subcorymbose disposita pedicellis tenuibus usque ad 8 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 3-3.5 cm. lata et 8-10 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 8, lineares, extus glabratae, marginibus albido-ciliatae, apice induratae et saepe acres, 4-5 mm. longae, quam interiores ovato-oblongae apice pubescenti saepe abrupte angustatae breviores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, flavi, ligula late oblongi vel obovati, apice subtruncato denticulati, circ. 2 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, superne angustatae, inferne interdum 1-3-dentatae dentibus erectis, 5-6 mm. longae. Flores tubulosi tenuissimi, corolla tubo brevi (circ. 1.5 mm.) adjecto demum circ. 5.5-6 mm. longa. Achaenia cuneato-linearia, subplana, brunneo-atra, utraque facie 4-sulcata, superne sparsim erecto-setulosa, corpore circ. 5-5.5 mm. longa et supra circ. 1 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis flavidis retrorsum hamosis 2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Howard Scott Gentry, No. 1971, in meadow, Quicorichi, Rio Mayo, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, Octo- ber 7, 1935 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Specimens examined : Gentry 1971 (type, Field). 153. Bidens canescens Bertol. Fl. Guat. (Nov. Comm. Act. Sc. Bonon. 4:) 431. 1840. PI. LXXXVIII, figs. l-s. Herba, verisimiliter perennis, humilis, adscendenti-erecta, circ. 2-4 dm. alta; caule tetragono, inferne glabro, superne albido-pubes- centi. Folia petiolata petiolis circ. 0.5-1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1.5-4 cm. longa, bipinnatisecta, circumambitu triangulata, trijuga, omnino dense albido-pubescentia, foliolis inferioribus cuneato- petiolulatis, foliolorum segmentis saepius late lineari-oblongis. Capitula solitaria, ramos superne foliis minimis bracteatos terminan- tia, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2.5-3 cm. lata et circ. 7-9 mm. alta. Involucri dense albido-pubescentis bracteae subaequales, exteriores circ. 8-10, lineari-oblongae, 4-7 mm. longae; interiores 526 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI lanceolatae. Flores ligulati circ. 8-10, flavi (vel exsiccati subalbidi), ligula anguste ovato-oblongi, apice plus minusve denticulati, circ. 1-1.4 cm. longi. Achaenia biaristata, aristis retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen : Collected by Joachim (Don Joachin fide Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 4: 126. 1886) Velasquez on Volcan de Agua, Guatemala (Herb. Bertolonii, pro parte verisimiliter adhuc ad Zolam Pedrosam prope urbem tuscanam Bononiam in Italia). Distribution: Guatemala on Volcan de Agua and very rare north- ward into State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Specimens examined: Virl. d'Aoust 404, State of San Luis Po- tosi, Mexico, 1851 (Par.) ; Maxon & Hay 3690, alt. 3150-3,300 meters, Volcan de Agua, Guatemala, March 22, 1905 (U.S.); Salvin & God- man, summit of Volcan de Agua, 1861 (Kew) ; Wawra 326, region of Mexico (Mus. V.). Dr. S. F. Blake examined Bertoloni's type which he found (July 21, 1925) in the Bertoloni Herbarium at Zola Pedrosa, near Bologna, Italy. 1 He states (in lit.) that he is satisfied that my determination of Maxon & Hay 3690 as B. canescens Bertol. is correct. Bertoloni's description was so full and detailed that the topotypes collected by Maxon and Hay, and by Salvin and Godman, could anyway be identified with his species without the slightest room for doubt. Authentic specimens with mature achenes are much to be desired, that the relationship of this species with its closest ally, Bidens andicola var. decomposita 0. Ktze., may be investigated more extendedly. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVIII, FIGS. l-S Bidens canescens: I, flowering branch, X0.57; m, small portion of same, enlarged to show pubescence, Xl.7; n, exterior involucral bract, X3.41; o, interior involucral bract, X3.41; p, ray floret, X3.41; q, palea, X3.41; r, disc floret X3.41; s, upper portion of pistil, X 11.36; all from Maxon and Hay 3690, in Hb. U. S. 154. Bidens serrulata (Poir.) Desf. Tabl. Ecol. Bot. ed. 2: 130. 1815; Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3: 186. 1829. PI. CXXIX. Coreopsis serrulata Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 352. 1811. Bidens grandiflora Balb. Cat. Hort. Taur. 19. 1812. Bidens grandiflora Pers. ex Balb. op. cit. 18. 1813. 1 The Bertoloni specimens of Bidens, etc., representing the Flora Italica are at the University of Bologna, but the North and Central American specimens are apparently still at Zola Pedrosa, or at least somewhere in the custody of Bertoloni's heirs. Cf. footnote under synonymy of Bidens mitis. THE GENUS BIDENS 527 Coreopsis diversi/olia Jacq. Eclog. PI. 1: 80, pi. 54- 1811-1816. Bidens quinqueradiata Zea fide Jacq. loc. cit. Cosmea lutea Sims in Curtis's Bot. Mag. 41: pi. 1689. 1815. Kerneria serrulata (Poir.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 474. 1827. Bidens diversifolia Hort. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 602. 1836; non Willd. ex DC. loc. cit. Bidens serratulata Desf. ex DC. loc. cit. Cosmos luteus (Sims) Gomez, Anal. Hist. Nat. Madr. 19: 275. 1890. Bid-ens grandiflora var. diversifolia (Jacq.) 0. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 3, pt. 2:136. 1898. Bidens grandiflora var. serrulata (Poir.) 0. Ktze. loc. cit. ex synon. sed exclud. plantam Boliviae. 1 Herba annua, erecta vel interdum adscendens; caule tereti vel ad basim quadrangulato, debili validove, plerumque glaberrimo (raris- sime strigoso), purpurascenti, glaucescenti, 3-8 dm. alto. Folia glabra vel rariter sparsim hispida, petiolata petiolis 0.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.3-1 dm. longa, variabilia; nunc 2-3-pinnata, seg- mentis linearibus vel lanceolatis, integris, acutis, indurato-apiculatis, crasso-marginatis, parce ciliatis; nunc pinnatim 3-5- (9-) partita, foliolis lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutis vel acuminatis, serratis vel inciso-dentatis, parce ciliatis, dentibus indurato-apicu- latis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-6 cm. lata et 9-13 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis 0.4-1.5 (-2) dm. longis. Involucri basis hispida; bracteis exterioribus 7-10, late linearibus, glabris, 6-9 mm. longis, plerumque patentibus vel reflexis; interioribus lineari- lanceolatis, extrinsecus hispidissimis, 7-11 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 4-7, plerumque 5, aurei, ligula ovati vel obovato-lanceolati, apice subintegri vel denticulati, 1.5-3 cm. longi; tubulosi aurantiaci. Achaenia plantarum normalium capitulorum numerosa (40-60), di- morpha; interiora tenuiter linearia, saepe apicem versus attenuata, tetragona, biaristata aristis aurantiaco-flavidulis et retrorsum hamosis, corpore nigra (vel ad apicem flavida), tuberculato-strigosa (praecipue supra), 7-16 mm. longa; marginalia clavata, cuneato- linearia, tetragona, glabrata, exaristata, rufo-badia, 4-5 mm. longa. Type specimen: No particular type cited by Poiret, but several authentic original specimens are extant (Par.; vide infra). Distribution: From State of Zacatecas southeastward to states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico; not common, however, outside of the State of Mexico. 1 Kuntze's specimen (ipse legit) came from 2,100 meters alt., Santa Rosa, Bolivia, April 1, 1892. It is still extant (N.Y.) and is true Bidens andicola H.B.K. 528 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Specimens examined: Alamdn, Mexico, 1825 (Del.); Berlandier 1198, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico, October, 1827 (Brit.; Del., 3 sheets) ; E. Bourgeau 954, borders of fields near San Nicolas, State of Mexico, September 27, 1865 (Berl.; Boiss.; Cop.; Gray; Kew; Mun. ; Par., 5 sheets; Petrop., 2 sheets; U.S.) ; idem 956, eodem loco et tempore (Berl. ; Boiss; Cop. ; Del. ; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; Par., 5 sheets) ; idem 1079, borders of corn fields, on mountain above San Nicolas, October 26, 1865 (Kew; Par., 4 sheets); Carl Ehrenberg 438, between Mineral del Monte and Huajalote, Hidalgo (Berl., 2 sheets); G. J. Graham 49, Mexico (Kew); Ludwig Hahn 280, Tlalpam, State of Mexico, 1865 (Par.) ; idem 1079, San Nicolas, State of Mexico, October 26, 1865-1866 (Kew; Petrop.; Webb); cult, in Hort. Basil, July, 1838 (N.Y.); cult, in Hort. Par., August 5, 1813 (Par.), August, 1823 (Berl., ex herb. Kunthii), etc.; E. W. Nelson 1412, alt. 2,250-2,850 meters, southwest of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, September 10-20, 1894 (U.S.); idem 1561, alt. 1,950-2,340 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, October 3, 1894 (U.S. ; forma plus gracilis) ; C. R. Orcutt 4271, Churubusco, State of Mexico, October 4, 1910 (Field) ; C. G. Pringle 3661, Flor de Maria, State of Mexico, October 18, 1890 (Gray) ; idem 4313, Sierra de las Cruces, State of Mexico, October 23, 1892 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; Phila.; U.V., etc.); idem 11488, alt. 2,850 meters, Tres Marias Mts., Morelos, November 7, 1903 (Berl.; Field; Kew); C. A. Purpus, Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, 1903 (Calif.); idem 1545, fields, Pachuca, Hidalgo, September, 1905 (Calif.; Field; Mo.); idem 1546, fields, Salto de Agua, southern Mexico, October, 1905 (Field; Mo.); J. N. Rose & J. H. Painter 7844, near Tultenango, State of Mexico, October 13, 1903 (U.S.); Schaffner 252, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Kew); C. J. W. Schiede, Angangueo, Michoacan, November, 1829 (Ber\.);idem, near Angangueo, October, 1830 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem, cold region, Mexico, October, 1835 (Berl.); Alb. Schmitz 394, mountains near City of Mexico, State of Mexico, 1856 (Brit. ; Mus. V., 2 sheets) ; Eduard & Caecilie Seler 560, near Zacatecas, State of Zacatecas, November, 1887 (Berl.); iidem 1303, Villa Lerma, State of Mexico, October 14, 1895 (Berl.; Gray; Kew); C.L. Smith 299, alt. 2,100-2,400 meters, Sierra de San Felipe, Oaxaca, 1894 (Mo.; U.S.); L. C. Smith 224, alt. 2,100 meters, mountains, Las Sedas, Oaxaca, October 8, 1894 (Gray); Ralph Tate, Mexico (Kew); Uhde 445, 625, 631, and 633, Mexico (Berl.). In most herbarium determinations of this species (cf. Bot. Gaz. 85: 11. 1928), I have employed the widely accepted name Bidens THE GENUS BIDENS 529 grandiflora Balb., a name going back to 1812. The trivial name serrulata was employed by Poiret one year earlier, and must be taken up. Certain authentic specimens of Poiret's species are extant at Paris, where this plant once was cultivated for at least several years. One of them ("Du Jardin des Plantes de Paris. 5 Aout 1813") was photographed by me. They are specifically the same as the plants cultivated by the younger Jacquin in 1810 from seed sent from Paris (Mus. Hist. Nat., located in the Jardin des Plantes), under the name Bidens quinqueradiata Zea and named by Jacquin, Coreopsis diversi- folia. They are matched specifically also by the type illustration of Cosmea lutea Sims. 1 The cultivated specimens found in herbaria are mostly lower, more delicate, and less erect, giving an illusory appearance of dis- similarity to the spontaneous form. Poiret's description was based upon one of Desfontaines' specimens. Like many of the descriptions written in those days, it was inadequately drawn. The fruit characters were omitted. We read that the plant described is small, with petioles and lower part of stem pilose, also with ovate leaves. These last were not described as compound. DeCandolle (loc. cit.), evidently relying solely upon Poiret's description, 2 maintained B. grandiflora apart from B. serrulata (Poir.) Desf . The Index Kewensis (1 : 617. 1895), however, equates Coreopsis serrulata Poir. and Bidens grandiflora Balb. Furthermore, we are bound to consider the very careful and extended description of the Poiret species drawn up by Cassini (loc. cit.) when publishing the new combination Kerneria serrulata. Cassini had been in Paris, at the center of Desfontaines' and Poiret's activities. He amplified his description from living material growing in the Royal Garden of Paris, where Desfontaines had worked. His description fitted very well the average plants of B. grandiflora Balb. Upon the grounds of priority the name B. serrulata takes pre- cedence, going back to some time in the year 1811 prior to November 29, 3 while B. grandiflora was not published until 1812. The exact date for Coreopsis diversifolia Jacq. I do not know. The page num- ber and plate number would seem clearly to indicate a date later than 1811. At all events, the existence of a B. diversifolia Willd. 1 A species native to Mexico, cultivated from seeds obtained from the Madrid Botanical Garden; drawing made in 1812. Stem purplish at base in illustration. 2 "Ab hac (B. grandiflora Balb.) ex descr. videtur diversa Coreopsis serrulata Poir. suppl. 3 [sic] p. 352 etiamsi a cl. Desf. admissa." 3 Fide Bibl. Franc. 83. Nov. 29, 1811: cf. Journ. Bot. 44: 319. 1906. 530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI (ex DC. loc. cit. No. 55) might well preclude the acceptance of the combination B. diversifolia (Jacq.) Hort. ex DC. (loc. cit. No. 59). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXIX Bidens serrulata: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; b, c, d, various cauline leaves, X0.68; e, exterior involucral bract, X2.72; /, interior involucral bract, X2.72; g, ray floret, X2.72; h, palea, X2.72; i, disc floret, X2.72;j (outer), k (inner) achenes, X2.72; a, b, e-k, from Pringle 11488, in Hb. Field; c, d, from Pringle 4313, in Hb. Field. 155. Bidens Geraniifolia Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 76. 1914. PI. CXXX, figs. j-o. Herba, probabiliter perennis et 5-9 dm. alta; caulibus tenuibus, ramosis, glabris. Folia petiolata petiolis ciliatis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-9 cm. longa, bipinnatisecta; segmentis late lineari- bus vel elliptico-linearibus, membranaceis, acriter apiculatis, parce ciliatis, 2-4 vel etiam -5.5 mm. latis. Capitula solitaria, longe tenuiterque pedunculata pedunculis 1.5 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata et 7-10 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae subaequales; exteriores 10-14, glabrae, lineares, inferne sensim angustatae, apice subacute mucronulatae, 7-10 mm. longae et 0.9-1.2 mm. latae; interiores lanceolatae, glabratae. Flores ligulati 7-10, sicci albido-flavidi, ligula oblanceolati, apice 3-denticulati, 1.4-1.8 cm. longi. Achaenia juniora plana, biaristata aristis retror- sum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Carl Albert Purpus, No. 6679, in the high region of Cerro del Boqueron, State of Chiapas, Mexico, September, 1913 (Calif.). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Cerro del Boqueron, State of Chiapas, Mexico. Specimens examined: Purpus 6679 (type, Calif.: cotypes, Brit.; Field; Mo.). 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXX, FIGS, j-o Bidens Geraniifolia: j, flowering branch, X0.62; k, exterior in- volucral bract, X3.1; I, interior involucral bract, X3.1; m, ray corolla, X3.1; n, palea, X3.1; o, disc floret, X3.1; all from cotype, in Hb. Field. 1 Bidens triplinervia var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff also occurs in the State of Chiapas and at times (e.g., Ghiesbreght 533, Hb. Gray) produces leaves deceivingly like those of B. Geraniifolia. It is possible that in earlier herbarium determinations I may have referred plants of that variety erroneously to B. Geraniifolia. THE GENUS BIDENS 531 156. Bidens chiapensis Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 76. 1914. PI. CXXX, figs. a-i. Glabra, verisimiliter perennis; caule subtereti vel parce tetragono, purpureo-subnigro, forsan 1 m. alto (et forsan scandenti), internodiis longis quam foliis saepe multo longioribus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-8 cm. longa, tripartita (vel summa indivisa); foliolis membranaceis, ovato-acuminatis vel interdum lanceolato-acuminatis, minute ciliatis, subtus multo palli- dioribus. Capitula perpauca, saepius 1-3 in unico ramo (an caule?), pedunculata pedunculis caules ramosve terminantibus et 0.4-1.6 (-2.4) dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.5 cm. lata et 1.2 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae 12-20, lineares, apice acutae, ciliatae, 0.8-1.3 cm. longae, quam interiores oblongo- lanceolatae paulo longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi vel albido- flavi, anguste elliptici, apice dentati, disco paulo longiores. Achaenia linearia, glabra, acute tetragona, supra demum attenuata, nigra, biaristata (rarissime quadriaristata) aristis retrorsum hamosis 2-4 mm. longis, corpore circ. 9 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Carl Albert Purpus, No. 6945, at high altitude of the Cerro del Boqueron, State of Chiapas, Mexico, October, 1913 (Calif.). Distribution: State of Chiapas to State of Michoacan, southern Mexico. Specimens examined : Ghiesbreght 551, "Chiapas, etc.," 1864-1870 (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; Mo.); C. A. Purpus 6668, Chiapas, 1913 (Field); idem 6945 (cotypes, Brit. ; Field) ; Schiede, near Angangueo, Michoa- can, October, 1830 (Berl.) ; L. C. Smith 857, alt. 2,250 meters, in mountains, Telixtlahuaca, Oaxaca, October 18, 1895 (Gray). The plant of Ghiesbreght (No. 551) was referred erroneously by Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 16. 1883) to Bidens Dondiaefolia Less. It matches the type of B. chiapensis very precisely. A dis- tinguishing character of the species is the large number (12-20) of narrowly linear exterior involucral bracts. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXX, FIGS, a-i Bidens chiapensis: a, flowering branch, X0.62; b, exterior involu- cral bract, X3.1; c, interior involucral bract, X3.1; d, e, ray corollas, X3.1; /, palea, X3.1; g, disc floret, X3.1; h, i, achenes, X3.1; a-d, f-h, from cotype, in Hb. Field; e, horn Ghiesbreght 551, in Hb. Mo.; i, from L. C. Smith 857, in Hb. Gray. 532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 157. Bidens Ostruthioides (DC.) Schz. Bip. in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 308. 1852-1857. PL CXXXI. Delucia Ostruthioides DC. Prodr. 5: 633; Deless. Icon. Select. Plant. 4: pi. 40. 1839. Bidens guatemalensis Klatt, Bot. Jahrb. 8: 44. 1887. Folia principalia tripartita, foliolis ovatis vel rhomboideo-ovatis. B. Ostruthioides sensu stricto. Folia acerrime bipinnatisecta vel plus minusve biternatisecta, foliolis segmentisve cuneato-lanceolatis var. /3. costaricensis. Herba e radice lignea perennis, plus minusve decumbens, saepius glabra; caule subtereti, subsimplici ramosove, infra ligneo, 0.3-1.5 m. (vel ultra) longo. Folia petiolata petiolis inferne hispido-ciliatis 1.5-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque subaequaliter 4.5-6.5 cm. longa, membranacea, infra multo pallidiora, tripartita (vel saepe summa indivisa); foliolis ovatis vel rhomboideo-ovatis, ciliatis, utrinque acute grosseque dentato-serratis; dentibus utroque latere 1-5, indurato-mucronatis. Capitula solitaria, longe tenuiterque pedunculata pedunculis plerumque 1-2.2 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-5 cm. lata et 0.9-1.2 cm. alta. Involucrum plus minusve glabrum, bracteis subaequalibus; exterioribus 5-7, foliaceis, lanceolatis vel late linearibus, acutis, plerumque ciliatis, 0.6-1.2 cm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, aurantiacis, membranaceis. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula obovato-lanceolati, apice plerumque 3-dentati, styliferi fertilesque, 1.5-2.2 cm. longi. Achaenia disci et radiorum obcompressa, pallide rufo-badia, linearia, obtuse triangulata, glabra, corpore 7-9 mm. longa, triaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et 3.5-5 mm. longis (rariter biaristata, saepe imper- fecte quadriaristata, arista quarta brevi circ. 1.2 mm. longa). Type specimen: Collected by Jean Luis Berlandier, No. 920, in mountains about the City of Mexico, Federal District, Mexico, October-November, 1827 (Del.). Distribution: States of Michoacan and Vera Cruz, southern Mexico, southeastward into Guatemala. Specimens examined: Alaman, Mexico (Gray); Baites, Mexico, 1846 (Kew) ; Berlandier, in mountains about City of Mexico, Federal Distr., September (U.V.); idem 920 (type, Del.: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Mus. V.; Par., 3 sheets; Webb); Bourgeau 835, forest of the montane desert near Santa Fe", Federal Distr., Mexico, July, 1865 (Kew; Par., 3 sheets); idem (similiter) 835, forest of Desierto Viejo near City of Mexico, September 7, 1865 (Berl.; Boiss.; Cop.; Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLXV d ah BIDENS ANDONGENSIS Hiern THE GENUS BIDENS 533 Del.; Gray; Kew); idem (similiter) 835, forest at San Nicolas, near City of Mexico, October 26, 1865 (Kew; Par., 2 sheets); C. C.Deam 20, "decumbent vine, 2-5 ft. high," foothill of Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, Mexico, 1899 (Gray); Ghiesbreght 107, Chiapas (Gray); idem 151, temperate region, mountains of the Mexican Plateau, August, 1843 (Par.); idem 555, Chiapas or in region of (Boiss.; Brit.; Mo.); C. J. Graham 48, Mexico, 1830 (Brit.; Kew); F. C. Lehmann 1560, Guate- mala, June 16, 1882 (type collection of Bidens guatemalensis Klatt; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; U.S.); Liebmann 644, between San Andres and San Miguel, eastern central Mexico, October, 1842 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; Mackenzie, Mexico (Kew) ; Fred. Mutter 1950, City of Vera Cruz to Mt. Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 1853 (Kew; Mus. V.); E. W. Nelson 1333, alt. 2,250-2,850 meters, 18 miles southwest of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, September 10-20, 1894 (U.S.); idem 1403, eodem loco et tempore (U.S.); idem 1725, alt. 2,250-3,120 meters, near Reyes, Oaxaca, October 17, 1894 (U.S.); idem 3658, alt. 3,300 meters, moun- tains near Hacienda Chaucol, Guatemala, January 2, 1896 (U.S.); C. R. Orcutt 3517, Contreras, Federal Distr., Mexico, August 9, 1910 (Field; Kew; Mo.) ; C. G. Pringle 3596, hills of Patzcuaro, Michoacan, November 8, 1890 (Gray); idem 6598, alt. 2,550 meters, Sierra de Ajusco, Federal Distr., Mexico, October 23, 1896 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Can.; Carn.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets; Phila.; U.V.); C. A. Purpus, Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, February, 1903 (Calif.) ; idem 1544 p.p., moist, shady woods at alt. 2,100-2,400 meters, eodem loco, October, 1905 (Brit.; Calif.: Field; Mo.; U.V.); W. Schaffner 187, Valley of Mexico (Kew; Par., 2 sheets); idem 228, eodem loco (Kew); idem 232a, alt. 2,400 meters, Mt. Popocatapetl, Mexico (Berl.; Gray; hie numerus in Herb. Par. flores radiatos neutros et folia atypica habet, itaque hybrida forsitan cum B. triplinerviavidetur) ; Schiede, near Angangueo, Michoacan, November, 1829 (Berl.); idem, eodem loco, October, 1830 (Berl., 3 sheets); Alb. Schmitz 395, Mexico (Brit.; Mus. V., 4 sheets); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 2928, forested banks of Lake Atitlan, Pana- jachel, Dept. Solola, Guatemala, June 3, 1896 (Berl.). DeCandolle made this the type species of his genus Delucia, which he distinguished from Bidens by the character of the fertile ray flowers. Later Schultz Bipontinus (loc. cit.; cf. Flora 39: 359. 1856) transferred it to Bidens, where it has been placed almost uni- versally by other botanists. Klatt described B. guatemalensis from Lehmann's No. 1560, said by him to have biaristate achenes, but only a part of the achenes on the Lehmann plant in the Boissier 534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Herbarium are biaristate, the others being triaristate. The style branches of the disk flowers, moreover, are blunt-tipped as in the type material of B. Ostruthioides and the two forms are identical in other respects as well. Bidens Ostruthioides var. 0. costaricensis (Benth. ex Oerst.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 298, pi. 21. 1929. PI. CXXXII. Bidens costaricensis Benth. ex Oerst. Kjoeb. Vid. Medd. 1852: 94. 1852. Bidens irazuensis Calv. & Calv. Year Costa Rican Nat. Hist, xvi, 137 (plate), and 140. 1917. Folia petiolata petiolis inferne hispido-ciliatis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-12 cm. longa, acerrime bipinnatisecta vel plus minusve biternatisecta, foliolis segmentisve cuneato-lanceolatis, inciso-dentatis, dentium apice induratis et saepe mucronatis, margine sparsim ciliatis; supra ad venas plerumque minutissime creberri- meque glanduloso-setulosis, aliter glabris, in speciminibus exsiccatis saepe nigrescentibus; infra pallidioribus; lateralibus decurrentibus. Floribus fructibusque a specie non differt. Type specimen: Collected by Anders Sandoe Oersted, at altitude of 600-1,500 meters, on Mt. Aguacate, Costa Rica, November, 1846 (Cop.). Distribution: State of Oaxaca, Mexico, southeastward into Costa Rica. Specimens examined: Dr. & Mrs. P. P. Calvert, forest below cinders, Volcan Irazu, Costa Rica, April 2, 1910 (Penn.) ; C. Conzatti 2090, alt. 2,000 meters, Distr. Teotitlan, Oaxaca, December 10, 1907 (Field); C. W. Dodge 3439, in oak forest on the upper slopes, Volcan Irazu, Cartago Prov., Costa Rica, August 18, 1925 (Gray) ; C. Hoff- mann 105, higher mountain forest of Volcan Irazu, May 6, 1855 (Berl.) ; Otto Kuntze, alt. 2,100 meters, Cartago, Costa Rica, June 24, 1874 (N.Y.); F. C. Lehmann 119, alt. 1,950 meters, climbing to 5 meters, among shrubs and bamboos, west slopes of Volcan Irazu, March 28, 1878 (Mus. V.; forma petiolis infra medium spiralibus claviculatisque) ; idem 1787, alt. 800 meters, growing up to 1.5 meters, in moist places, Rio Blanco, Costa Rica, March 18, 1882 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets); A. S. Oersted, alt. 600-1,500 meters, Mt. Aguacate, Costa Rica, November, 1846 (type, Cop.) ; idem, San Jose, Costa Rica, 1845-1848 (Cop., 2 sheets); idem, Volcan Irazu, etc., Costa Rica (ex herb. Benth. in Kew) ; H. Pittier 742, alt. 2,800-3,200 meters, in oak forests of Volcan Irazu, December 12, 1888 (Gray) ; Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate CLXVI b / a h BIDENS BUCHNERI (Klatt) Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 535 idem 14070, alt. 2,300 meters, Laguna del Reventado, Volcan Irazu, January 1, 1901 (Gray) ; C. G. Pringle 5848, alt. 2,700 meters, Sierra de Clavellinas, Oaxaca, October 26, 1894 (Gray; Mo.); C. A. Purpus 3109, Cerro Verde, Oaxaca (vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, Puebla, near Oaxaca), July, 1908 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.); C. L. Smith 357, alt. 2,700 meters, Sierra de Clavellinas, Oaxaca, October 16-19, 1894 (Mo.;N.Y.;U.S.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXI Bidens Ostruthioides: a, h, flowering branches, X0.66: b, j, ex- terior involucral bracts, X4.62; c, k, interior involucral bracts, X4.62; d, I, ray florets, X2.64; e, m, paleae, X4.62;/, n, disc florets, X4.62; g, o, upper portions of pistils, X9.9; i, cauline leaf, X0.66; p (ray), q (disc), achenes, X4.62; a-g, from Lehmann 1560 (type collection of Bidens guatemalensis Klatt) in Hb. Gray; h, j-o, from Purpus 1544, in Hb. Field; i, from specimen presented by De Candolle to Hb. Par.; p, q, from Pringle 6598, in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXII Bidens Ostruthioides var. costaricensis: a, b, flowering and sub- fruiting branches, X0.64; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.84; d, interior involucral bract, X3.84; e, ray floret, X2.56;/, palea, X3.84; g, disc floret, X3.84; all from sheet of assorted Oersted materials from Mt. Irazu, Mt. Aguacate, etc., in Bentham's herbarium in Hb. Kew. 158. Bidens bicolor Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 114. 1903. PI. CXXXIII. Herba erecta, ramosa caulibus ramisque hirsuto-pubescentibus vel fere glabris, 4-7 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 8 cm. longa, 3-5-partita; foliolis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, apice acutis vel etiam acuminato-acutis, serratis, sparsim pubescentibus vel glabris, infra pallidioribus, mem- branaceis, 1.5-5 cm. longis et 0.5-2 cm. latis. Capitula non nume- rosa, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus usque ad 10 cm. longis, radi- ata, pansa ad anthesin 2.5-7 cm. lata et 7-13 mm. alta. Involucri plus minusve hirsuti bracteae exteriores circ. 8-10, lineari-oblongae, plerumque patentes, 5-8 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, plerum- que breviores. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, basi plerumque purpurei alibi flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apici interdum minute denti- culati, 1.5-3 cm. longi. Achaenia (immatura) linearia, supra sensim angustata, apicem versus erecto-setosa, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis. 536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Type specimen: Collected by Cassiano Conzatti and V. Gonzalez, No. 1008, at altitude of 1,750 meters, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, July-August, 1900 (Gray). Distribution: States of Oaxaca and Chiapas, southern Mexico. Specimens examined: Conzatti & Gonzalez 1008 (type, Gray); iidem 1009, eodem loco et tempore (Gray); Ghiesbreght 781, on cultivated land, Chiapas, etc., Mexico, July- August (Gray). A scantily represented and poorly understood species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXIII Bidens bicolor: a, upper, main part of plant, X0.7; b, flowering branch, X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.2; d, interior involucral bract, X4.2; e, ray floret (shaded at base to show spot of purplish color), X2.8;/, palea, X4.2; g, disc floret, X4.2; h, achene, X4.2; all from Conzatti and Gonzalez 1009, in Hb. Gray. 159. Bidens Holstii (0. Hoffm.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 79. 1923. PI. CXXXIV. Coreopsis Holstii 0. Hoffm. in Engler, Pflanzenw. D. Ost.-Afr. C:415. 1899. Achaenia plurime exaristata B. Holstii sensu stricto. Achaenia plurime aristata aristis supra retrorsum 1-3-hamosis. var. j8. rupestris. Herba perennis, undique glanduloso-puberula, circ. 1 m. alta; ramis obtuse tetragonis, speciminibus siccis dense brunneo-viridi- bus. Folia petiolata petiolis circ. 1-1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-9 cm. longa, pinnatipartita, circumambitu oblongo-ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata; segmentis principalibus saepius circ. 7 vel 9, membranaceis vel crassiusculis, atro-punctulatis, grosse crenatis vel sinuatis, dentium apice nitido-cartilagineis, infra pallidioribus. Capitula pauca, ad apices ramorum solitaria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-5.5 cm. lata et 1.4-1.7 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores (in duabus seriebus) 10-14, oblongae vel rarius ovatae, dense glanduloso-pubescentes, apice obtusae, 8-10 mm. longae; interiores subaequilongae, angustiores, tenuiter membranaceae, non nisi ad apicem puberulae. Flores ligulati 8-10, lutei, ligula elliptici vel oblanceolati, apice minute circ. 3-dentati. Achaenia quam paleae multo breviora, plana, oblonga lineariave, utraque facie circ. 8-striata, margine (moderate) et apice (dense et pectinatim) erecto- setosa, 4-6 mm. longa et 0.7-1.2 mm. lata, apice exaristata vel rare pauca biaristata aristis tenuibus et erecto-setosis. THE GENUS BIDENS 537 Type specimen: Collected by C. Hoist, No. 76, in sunny places of the higher mountains, mountain steppe, Usambara, German East Africa, October, 1891 (Berl.). Distribution: District of Usambara, German East Africa. Specimens examined: Karl Braun 2820, Kingo-Kwai, western Usambara, August 21, 1909 (Berl) ; idem 2857, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.) ; Hoist 76 (type, Berl.) ; Albrecht Zimmermann 1776, Hermanns- platte, western Usambara, February, 1908 (Berl.). Hoffmann's type in Berlin consists of three flowering specimens mounted upon one sheet. They lack mature or even submature achenes. At first they were determined by him as Coreopsis Grantii Oliv. (Bidens Grantii Sherff), but later he crossed out this determi- nation and substituted the new name C, Holstii. His description of the achenes ("Achaeniis juvenilibus alatis") was of necessity drawn from the unripened ovaries. The winged character assigned by him to the young achenes is not manifest on my examination of them. They naturally are thin and delicate toward the edges, but this is true of the achenes of many typical Bidens species when equally young. Fortunately there since have been collected by Braun and by Zimmerman additional specimens from the type district, Usambara. These match the type very closely, and two excel it in having mature achenes. The achenes are linear, unwinged, 3-6 mm. long, flattened, antrorsely setose upon the margins and at the apex, exaristate or with two setae very slightly larger than the rest and representing minute aristae. Hoffmann described the aristae as very short ("aristis 2 brevissimis"), but, as may be seen from my plate, fig. g, the ovarian aristae of his type, when compared with the body of the ovary, are not very short. The species bears a strong habital resemblance to Bidens Grantii (Oliv.) Sherff and in lesser degree to Coreopsis pin- natipartita 0. Hoffm. From the latter it differs in its setose, exalate achenes. From B. Grantii it appears to differ mainly in having the achenes exaristate or only shortly aristate (a character here of some- what uncertain value) and in the nature of its pubescence. Bidens Holstii var. /3. rupestris Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 393. 1930. PI. CXXXV. Bidens rupestris Sherff, op. cit. 76: 144. 1923. A specie achaeniis regulariter bi- (rariter tri-) aristatis aristis infra plerumque spinulis erecte munitis, supra retrorsum 1-3-hamosis vel rariter nudis 2-3.5 mm. longis differt. 538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Type specimen: Collected by Carl Uhlig, No. 750, on moss- covered, stony, newly formed volcanic cliffs, "im filzigdichten manns- hohen Busch," at altitude of 2,400 meters, northeast side of Meru Mountain, German East Africa, November 27, 1901 (Berl.). Distribution: Known only from vicinity of Mt. Meru, north- eastern German East Africa. Specimens examined: Uhlig 750 (type, Berl.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXIV Bidens Holstii: a, flowering branch, X0.65; b, portion of leaf, X3.25; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.25; d, interior involucral bract, X3.25; e, ray corolla, Xl.95; /, palea, X3.25; g, disc floret, X3.25; h, i, achenes, X3.25; a-g, from type; h, i, from Braun 2857, in Hb. Berl. EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXV Bidens Holstii var. rupestris: a, flowering branch, X0.63; b, exterior involucral bract, X2.53; c, interior involucral bract, X2.53; d, ray floret, Xl.9; e, palea, X2.53;/, disc floret, X2.53; g, immature achene, X3.79; all from type. 160. Bidens kamerunensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 148. 1923. PI. CXXXVI. Herba pubescens, verisimiliter perennis, simplex forsitan inter- dum ramosa, 1-1.5 m. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis latis 0.5-1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-10 cm. longa, 3- (rarius 5-) partita; foliolis lanceolatis, irregulariter crenato-dentatis dentibus abrupte sub- calloso-apiculatis, foliolis lateralibus usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, terminal! usque ad 7 cm. longo. Capitula pauca, pedunculata pedunculis subrobustis usque ad 8 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 6-7 cm. lata et 1.2-1.8 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae dense sed breviter hispi- dae, exteriores 13-16, lineari-lanceolatae, supra sensim attenuatae, inconspicue apiculatae, 1.2-1.5 cm. longae, ad medium plus minusve reflexae; interiores lanceolatae vel lineares, interdum breviores. Flores ligulati 14-16, lutei, ligula late elliptico-lineares, apice minute denticulati, 2.5-3.5 cm. longi. Paleae anguste lineares, achaenia superantes. Achaenia atra, valde obcompressa, exalata, antrorsum hispida vel inferne glabrata, circ. 11-13 mm. longa et 2 mm. lata, saepe biaristata aristis tenuibus, nudis, usque ad 1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by C. Ledermann, No. 5461, at altitude of 1,200-1,400 meters, Mao Barked je, Mt. Gendero, Kamerun, Octo- ber 6, 1909 (Berl.). THE GENUS BIDENS 539 Distribution: Known only from type locality on Mt. Gendero, Kamerun. Specimens examined : Ledermann 5461 (type, Berl.); J> McDon- ald 1003, alt. 1,800 meters, gray sandy loam, Solai, Kikuyu region, British East Africa, September, 1925 (Kew; forma foliis 5-7-partitis; achaeniis submaturis). EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXVI Bidens kamerunensis: a, flowering branch, X0.63; b, lower surface of portion of leaf, enlarged to show pubescence, X2.5; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.5; d, interior involucral bract, X2.5; e, ray corolla, Xl.25;/, palea, X2.5; g, palea (showing rolling-over of edges characteristic of older paleae, the dilated tips of which surpass at least submature achenes), X2.5; h, disc floret, X2.5; i, achene, X2.5; all from type. 161. Bidens Grantii (Oliv.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 309. 1915. Coreopsis Grantii Oliv. Trans. Linn. Soc. 29: 98, pi. 65. 1873. a. Foliorum segmenta ultima plus minusve ovata. 6. Folia subsessilia, 3.5-5 cm. longa B. Grantii sensu stricto. b. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1-1.7 dm. longa var. /3. Stapfii. a. Foliorum segmenta ultima plus minusve oblongo-linearia. b. Foliorum segmentum terminale elongato-angustissimum 1.5-2 cm. longum et circ. 2-3 mm. latum; achaeniis corpore circ. 4 mm. longis var. 8. Scaettae. b. Foliorum segmentum terminale brevius latiusque; achaeniis corpore 5-8 mm. longis var. 7. Dawei. Herba annua forsitan perennis, erecta, 6-12 dm. alta; caule superne ramoso, laxe piloso-pubescenti, subtetragono. Folia sub- sessilia, circumambitu anguste deltoidea, 3.5-5 cm. longa et basi 2.5-3.5 cm. lata, bipinnatifida, lobulis ovatis obtusiusculis integris paucidentatisve mucronulatis supra scabrido-puberulis subtus piloso- pubescentibus. Capitula breviter pedunculata pedunculis 2.5-4 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-5 cm. lata et 1 cm. alta. Involucri hirto-pilosi bracteae exteriores 8-10, lineares, apiculatae, 6 mm. longae; interiores multo latiores, vix longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi, ligula oblongo-elliptici, apice subintegri, 2-2.5 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, apice coloratae, achaenio longiores. Achaenia oblonge linearia, obcompressa, atra, exalata, marginibus 540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI et facie interiore subsparsim erecto-setosa, facie exteriore obscure circ. 16-sulculata, corpore circ. 4 mm. longa et circ. 0.6-0.7 mm. lata; pappo minuto, poculiformi setoso-ciliatoque duabus setis oppositis manifestioribus tenuibus antrorsum hispidulis sub 0.7 mm. longis ex angulis ortis. Type specimen: Collected by Captains Speke and Grant, No. 448, at altitude of 1,200-1,500 meters, Karagwe (Karague") region, German East Africa, March, 1862 (Kew). Distribution: Region of Karagwe, German East Africa. 1 Specimens examined: Speke & Grant 448 (type, Kew). Oliver (loc. cit.) described this species as an annual, but Skan, v who had had an opportunity of studying var. /3. Stapfii (qu. vide) in cultivation, described the species (in which he included var. Stapfii) as a perennial. The type specimen lacks the basal part, thus offering no aid in settling the matter. It may be noted, however, that herbarium specimens of vars. Dawei and Scaettae have definitely annual roots. Bidens Grantii var. /3. Stapfii Sherff, Bull. Jard.